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Biology > Topic 2 - Cells and Controll > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Cells and Controll Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the central nervous system?

A

The brain and the spinal chord

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2
Q

What is the spinal chord?

A

a long column of neurones that run from the base of the brain down the spine. ar several places down the chord, neurons branch off and connect with other parts of the body

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3
Q

What does the spinal chord do?

A

relays information between the brain and the rest of the body

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4
Q

What are neurons?

A

Nerve cells

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5
Q

WHat is the brain made up of?

A

Billions of interconnected neurons§

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6
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

The largest part of the brain, its divided into two halfs callled cerebral hemishperes
The right hemishpere controlls the muscles on the left side and vice versa.
Different parts of the cerebrum are responsible for different things liek movement, intelligence, memory, language and vision

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7
Q

Cerebellum

A

Responsible for muscle coordination and balance

Back fo the head

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8
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

controlls unconcious activities like breathing or heart rate

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9
Q

What are scanners used for?

A

To investigate brain function
to otherwise investigate it, youd have to cut into the brain wich is pretty risky ngl

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10
Q

A CT scanner

A

A CT scanner uses X-rays to produce and image of the brain.
A CT scan can show the main structures in the brain, but not the functions of them

if the CT shows a diseased/damaged brain with loss of function it can be

worked out.

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11
Q

PET scans

A

Fancier than Ct scans, they use radioactive chemicals to show which parts of the brain are active when the person is isnsdie the scanner

PET s are very detailed and can be used to investagate both the sturcture and the function of the brain in real time

Can show if the brain is unsusually incacitve or active

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12
Q

Why are problems In the CNS hard to treat?

A

Its hard to repair damages
Uneasy acces to repair things
Treating problems may lead to permanent damage

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13
Q

What do receptor cells do?

A

detect stimuli

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14
Q

What is a transmittion of neurones called?

A

A neurotransmittion

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15
Q

What is a sensory neurons function?

A

To carry impulses from the receptor cells to the CNS

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16
Q

How do sensory Neurons work?

A

a receptor cell impulse passes into a tiny branch called a dendrite, it is then passed along the dendron( receives) and the axon(sends out). A series of axon terminals allow impulses to be transmitted to other neurons

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17
Q

Why are Dendrons and axons long?

A

To allow fast transmittion over long distances

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18
Q

MYlein sheath

A

Electrically insulates a neuron from neighbouring neurones

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19
Q

Where are the receptor cells found in the eye?

A

in the retina

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20
Q

Cones

A

The receptor cells sensitive to the color of light, some detect red light, whilst some green or blue
Cones genrate impulses in sensory neurons, Which lead into the brain through the optic nerve, this infor is then tranferred into full color vision at the back of the cerebral hemispheres

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21
Q

Rods

A

receptor cells that detect light intensity, not color

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22
Q

Why is your vision less colorfull in dim ligth?

A

ods work weel in dim light but cones dont

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23
Q

Pupil

A

dark area in the centre of the eye
where the light enters

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24
Q

Iris

Colored part of eye

A

Can constrict the pupil or dilate it to control the light going in for strong light levels can damage the retina

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25
Q

What do the cilary muscles do?

A

alter the shape of the lens, make it fatter or thinnner to focus the light

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26
Q

Cornea

A

Clear, colorless covering that focuses light rays, bringing them together

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27
Q

Lens

A

Fine tunes focusing after cornea

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28
Q

Short sighted people

A

Light focuses infront of the retina - long eye or curved cornea
Needs a Divergins lens

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29
Q

Long sighted People

A

Light focuses behind of the retina - short eye or flat cornea
Needs a converging lens

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30
Q

Cataract

A

when protein builds up in the lens and makes it cloudy

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31
Q

Color blindness

A

Faulty cones

32
Q

Effectors

A

The part of the body that carries out the action

33
Q

Motor neurons

A

a type neuron that carries impulses to efffectors

34
Q

Relay neurons

A

a type of neuron that links neurons together

fund in the spinal chord

35
Q

Neuro transmitter

A

the substance that is released at the synapse

36
Q

Reflex

A

an automatic response to a stimulus

37
Q

Reflex arc

A

The pathway taken by impulses ina reflex reaction
Made of 3 neurones:
sensory
relay
Motion

38
Q

Chromosomes

A

Coiled up lengths of DNA, contains Genetic info

39
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

when a cell divides to make two identical daughter cells to the original parent cell. Both new cells contain the same number of chromosomes as the original.

40
Q

What is the Cell Cycle’s purpose?

A

To make new cells for growth and repair

41
Q

What 3 processes do plants and animals grow and repair due to?

A

Cell Differentiation
Cell Division
Cell Elongation

42
Q

Cell differentiation

A

The process by which a cell differentiates for its job. Having specialised cells allows multi cellular organisms to work more effeciently

43
Q

Cell Division

A

Mitosis

44
Q

Cell elongation

A

Where a plant cell expands, making the cell bigger and so making the plant grow

45
Q

What does all growth in animals happen by?

A

Cell division. Animals grow when their young, reach full growth, then stop growing, so when they are young, cell division happens at a fast rate but once your an aduly most cell division is for repair - cells divide to replace old or damaged cells.

This means in most animals, cell division is lost at an early stage

46
Q

how do plant cells grow in height?

A

By elongation

47
Q

Where does cell division happen in plants

A

The tips of roots and shoots

48
Q

Do plants and animals grow differently?

A

Animals stop growing at a young age.
Plants often grow continuously - old trees, new spouts

so plants continue to differentiate and develop new parts

49
Q

what is a tumor?

A

a mass of abnormal cells

50
Q

What is cancer?

A

a tumor that invades and destroys surrounding tissue

51
Q

How are tumors created?

A

The rate at which cells divide by mitosis is controlled by genes in DNA. If there is a change in one of these genes, cells may start dividing uncontrollably. This can result in a tumor

52
Q

What are percentile charts used for?

A

To mesure growth

53
Q

Why are percentile charts usefull

A

to mesure overall growth in development so any conditions like obesity, malnourishment and dwarfism can e detected

54
Q

what are Stem Cells?

A

Un-differentiated cells. These are really important for the growth and development of organisms. They can also be used in medicine

Stem cells divide by mitosis, the can differentiate

55
Q

Embryotic stem cells

A

These are found in early human embryos. These have the potential to divide and differentiate into any kind of cell.

56
Q

Why can Embryotic cells differentiate into any type of cell?

A

The Embryos have to eventually for into full humans with every type of cell, therefore the cells in embryos have to be able to differentaite into any cell

57
Q

Adult Stem cells

A

Only found in specific places - Bone Marrow. These can only differentiate into certain cells. These are used to replace damaged cells

58
Q

Meristems

A

Where Stem Cells are found in plants. Meristems produce unspecialised cells that act like embryotic cells, but can always divide into any cell, as long as the plant lives

59
Q

Where are meristems found?

A

Meristem tissue is found in the parts of pplants that are growing - The tips or roots and shoots

60
Q

What are some examples of ways Stem cells can be used for medicine?

A

Sickle cell anemia - bone marrow transplant

Extracting embryotic cells from very early embryos and growing them

Using Stem cell Transplants to repair someone who was been damaged by a disease or injury. E.g. new cardiac muscles could be transferred into someone with heart disease

61
Q

What are the 3 potential risks when researching stem cells?

A

Tumor Development
Disease Transmittion
Rejection

62
Q

Tumor Devlopment

A

Stem cells divide. If scientists are unable to controll the rate at whch the transplanted cels divide in a patient, this could create

63
Q

Disease Transmittion

A

Viruses live inside cells. If Donor stem cells are infcted with a virus and this isnt picked up, the virus could be passed onto the recipient and make them sicker

64
Q

Rejection

A

If the transplanted cells arent grown using the patients own cells, the patients body may reconise the cells as foreign and trigger an immune response to try and get rid of them. The patient can take drugs to try and supress this response, but it makes them suceptible to disease.

65
Q

Stem Cell research Ethical issues

A
  • embryos shouldnt be used for experiments because each one is a potetial life
  • Aim of curing patients who are suffering is more important than the potential life of emryos.
66
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Groups of cells that can detect a stimulus

67
Q

What happens when a stimulus is detected by a receptor?

A

The information is converted to a nervous ( electrical ) impulse and sent along sensory neurons to the CNS

The CNS coordinated a response, The impulses travel throughout the CNS by relay neurons.

The CNS sends a response to an effector ( muscle ) by motor neurons

68
Q

reaction time

A

The time it takes you to respond to a stimulus

69
Q

Dendrites/ Dendrons

A

carry nerve impulses towards the cell body

70
Q

Axons

A

carry nerve impules away from the cell body

71
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Surrounds axons, acts as an electrical insulator

72
Q

Sensory Neuron structure

A

one long dendron carries nerve impulses from receptor cells to the cell body, which is located in the middle of the neuron .
One short axon carries impules from the cell body to the CNS

73
Q

Motor neuron Structure

A

many short dendrites carrs nerve impules to the cell body
one long axon carries nerve impulses to the effector

74
Q

Relay Neuron Structure

A

many short dendrites carry nerve impulse from sensory neurons to the cell body
An axon carries nerve impulses from the cell body to the motor neurons

75
Q

Synapses

A

the connection between 2 neurons
The nerve signal is transferred by chemicals called neurotransmitters, which diffuse across the gap
The neurotansmitters then set off a new electrical signal in the next neurone
The transmittion of a nerve impulse is very fast, but is slowed down at the synapse because the diffusiontakes time

76
Q

Reflexes

A

automatic, rapid responses to stimuli - they can reduce the changes of being injured

77
Q
A

Biology (5 decks)

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