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GCSE > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the eye made up of?

A

-Retina
-Sclera
-Lens
-Iris
-Pupil
-Optic nerve
-Cornea
-Ciliary Muscles
-Suspensory Ligaments
-Fovea

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2
Q

What is the Retina layer made up of? (HINT: Cell types)

A

Rod cells - Light Intensity Reception

Cone Cells - Red, Green, Blue colour reception

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3
Q

How do we work out Total Magnification?

A

Magnification = Eyepiece x Objective

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4
Q

How do we find actual size?

A

Actual size = Image / magnification

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5
Q

What is a genome?

A

The entire genetic code in an organism

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6
Q

What is DNA?

A

A double helix polymer - stores genetic code

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7
Q

What is a gene?

A

Portion of DNA that codes for a protein (mapping these allows us to identify causes of disorders).

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8
Q

What is genotype?

A

An organisms specific genetic code

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9
Q

What is phenotype?

A

How the genotype is expressed in physical characteristics.

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10
Q

What are bases made from?

A

A sugar/phosphate group.

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11
Q

What are the bases? Which go complimentary to each other?

A

Guanine - G goes with Cytosine - C

Thymine - T goes with Adenine - A

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12
Q

What is a Eukaryotic Cell?

A

A cell with a nucleus. Their DNA is found here. For e.g An animal cell or plant cell

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13
Q

What is a Prokaryotic Cell?

A

A cell without a nucleus. Their DNA can be found in Plasmids (loop of DNA) or Chromosomal DNA

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14
Q

What is a feature of the cell membrane?

A

Semi permeable - allowing certain substances to pass through into the cell - controls what leaves and enters a cell.

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15
Q

What is the cell wall made of?

A

Cellulose.

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16
Q

What are Enzymes?

A

Enzymes are special proteins that act as biological catalysts, often breaking down molecules into smaller ones (eg polymers into monomers)

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17
Q

What is amylase and what does is it responsible for?

A

It is an enzyme (biological catalyst) that breaks down starch into glucose.

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18
Q

What is lipase and what is it responsible for?

A

An enzyme (biological catalyst) that breaks down lipids (fats) into glycerol and fatty acids.

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19
Q

What is protease and what does it break down?

A

Protease is an enzyme (biological catalyst) that breaks down proteins into amino acids.

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20
Q

How many bases are needed to code for an amino acid?

A

3 bases are needed

21
Q

What is (for eg) BB or bb known as?

A

Homozygous alleles.

22
Q

What is (for eg) Bb known as?

A

Heterozygous alleles

23
Q

What is the order of the reflex ark?

A

Stimulus
Receptors (in sense organs)
Sensory Neurone
Relay Neurone
Motor Neurone
Effector (muscle or gland to carry out a quick involuntary response)

24
Q

What is in the CNS?

A

Brain
Spinal Cord
Nerves

25
Q

Explain Adult Stem cells

A

Found in the body eg bone morrow.

It is multipotent - there is a limit to what they can become usually the type of tissue surrounding them.

26
Q

Explain Embryonic Stem Cells

A

Found in the inner cell mass of an embryo

It is pluripotent - Can differentiate into any kind of cell

27
Q

Explain Meristem Cells.

A

Stem cells found in the Meristems of plants e.g shoots and roots

Able to produce any kind of specialised cell throughout the life of the plant.

28
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Cells that haven’t been differentiated yet and can go on to become a number of different types of cells.

29
Q

What is the role of the dendron?

A

Carries the electrical impulse

30
Q

What is the role of the dendrite?

A

Receives impulses from receptor cells.

31
Q

What is the role of the axon?

A

To carry the electrical impulse

32
Q

What are the role of axon terminals?

A

Pass impulses to other neurones

33
Q

What is the role of the myelin sheath?

A

The fatty layer surrounding neurones that insulate them to stop energy loss.

34
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Gaps inbetween neurones. When an impulse reaches a synapse, neurotransmitter substance is released across through axon terminals. It gets detected on the other side by dendrites which generates a new impulse.

35
Q

What are the stages of growth in plants?

A

Stage 1 - Mitosis

Stage 2 - Elongation

Stage 3 - Differentiation

36
Q

What is a Dipliod cell?

A

23 pairs (46 single) of chromosomes

37
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

Half a set of chromosomes (23 single chromosomes) Half genetic information (gametes)

38
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

In the nucleus in long strands called chromosomes, formed by 2 strands that twist to form a double helix shape.

39
Q

What are the 4 base pairs and which goes with which?

A

Adenine - A
Cytosine - C
Guanine - G
Thymine - T

G goes with C

A goes with T

40
Q

What is the bonding between each of these bases?

A

Hydrogen bonds.

Adenine and Thymine have two bonds

Guanine and Cytosine have 3 bonds

41
Q

What are each of the bases connected to?

A

A sugar with each sugar connected to a phosphate.

42
Q

What is genotype?

A

The alleles that an organism has

43
Q

What is phenotype

A

What the organism looks like.

44
Q

What happens during Transcription?

A

First stage of Protein Synthesis

Takes place in the nucleus. The RNA polymerase attaches to the non-coding section of DNA

The enzyme separates the two stands of DNA

RNA polymerase continues to move along the DNA to reach the coding region of a gene

RNA Polymerase adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the template strand.

RNA polymerase links the RNA nucleotides together to form a strand of mRNA

45
Q

What happens during translation?

A

The strand of mRNA travels out the nucleus through a nuclear pore

In the cryptoplasm, a ribosome attaches to the mRNA strand.

A tRNA molecule pairs up with each codon (3 bases)

The ribosome joins together the amino acids carried by the tRNA molecules.

This results in the formation of a polypeptide

The types and order of amino acids in the chain cause it to fold into a specific shape

45
Q

What replaces Thymine in the m/tRNA?

A

Uracil - U

So DNA - ATA in m/tRNA (depending) would complementary base pair that as UAU

46
Q

What causes mutation

A

A change in the bases of a gene creating a genetic variant.

47
Q

What are the blood groups?

A

A
B
AB
O

48
Q

What are mendels laws?

A

Each gamete receives only onr factor for a characteristic

The version of a factor a gamete receives is random and does not depend on the other factors in the gamete

Some versions of a factor are more powerful than others and always have an effect in the offspring

GCSE (19 decks)

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