Models Flashcards
What are Mahler’s stages of separation-individuation?
Theory starts with infantile autism during the first month (infant is self-absorbed and unaware of environment) and the symbiotic phase during the second month (infant starts to become aware of mother). Then the separation-individuation phases begin at 4 -5 months old beginning with separation via sensory exploration, physical exploration, conflict between independence/dependence, and finally permanent sense of self and others:
1) Differentiation - 4-5 months old
2) Practicing
3) Reproachment
4) Object constancy - permanent sense of self and others by age 3
What are the 6 stages of change in the transtheoretical model?
PCP-AMT
1) Precontemplation - little insight, denial, uninformed, unsuccessful at changing, and no intentions to change
2) Contemplation - aware of need to change, intends to take action within 6 months, ambivalent, no commitment to change
3) Preparation - plans to take action within a month and has a realistic plan
4) Action - has taken concrete steps to change and often begins with public statement to change
5) Maintenance - has maintained a change for 6+ months and is trying to prevent relapse
6) Termination - confidence to resist temptation and not relapse
What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
Sneaky Piaget Creeps Forward
1) Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years) - substages include reflexive schemes, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, coordinated secondary circular reactions (development of object permanence at ages 8 - 12 months), tertiary circular reactions, and mental representation (which is required for later stages)
2) Pre-operational (2 - 7 years) - primary problems include precausal (transductive) reasoning, magical thinking, animism, egocentrism, irreversibility, and centration
3) Concrete-operational (7 - 11 years) - achieved conservation ability, capable of mental operations, and can do logical reasoning
4) Formal operational (ages 12ish+) - capable of abstract hypothetico-deductive reasoning
What is theory of mind and how does it develop?
ToM is the ability to make inferences about another’s mind and to predict behavior accordingly.
1) Ages 2 - 3 - Children become aware that people are separate from each other
2) Ages 4 - 5 - Children understand another person’s thoughts may be inaccurate and that they may act on these false beliefs
3) Ages 5+ - Children understand that actions may not be consistent with true thoughts or feelings and people may interpret the same events differently
4) Early adolescents - Teens recognize that people can have mixed feelings
What are Kolhberg’s stages of moral development?
Preconventional Morality:
1) Punishment: Morality depends on its consequences
2) Hedonism: Morality depends on rewards and satisfying personal needs
Conventional Morality:
3) Good Child: Morality depends on social approval
4) Law and Order: Morality depends on rules/laws established by legitimate authorities
Postconventional Morality:
5) Contract and Democracy: Morality is consistent with democratically determined laws
6) Individual Principles: Morality depends on broad, self-chosen universally applicable ethical principles
What are Gilligan’s stages of moral development?
Gilligan conceptualized 5 levels from Selfishness > Responsibility > Self-Sacrifice > Balance > Nonviolence
1) Level 1 – Individual Survival (egocentric)
2) Transition 1 – From Selfishness to Responsibility (recognition of connectedness)
3) Level 2 – Goodness as Self-Sacrifice (sacrifice self for others)
4) Transition 2 – From Goodness to Truth (balance responsibilities)
5) Level 3 – Morality of Nonviolence (avoid harm)
What are Atikson et al.’s stages of Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model?
The Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model distinguishes between 5 stages that people experience as they attempt to understand themselves as cultural beings (CDRII)
1) Conformity: Preference for majority culture and rejection of minority culture. Prefers majority therapist.
2) Dissonance: Marked confusion and conflict about culture. Prefers any minority therapist and perceives their problems are related to racial/cultural identity issues.
3) Resistance & Immersion: Actively rejects majority, embraces minority. Prefers same-minority therapist and perceives personal problems as related to oppression.
4) Introspection: Uncertainty about rigidity of beliefs and conflicting desires. Prefers same-minority therapist but may be open to therapist with similar worldview.
5) Integrative Awareness: Fulfilling cultural identity, desire to eliminate all oppression, and objectively examines culture before making a decision about it. Prefers therapists with similar worldviews.
What are Cross’s stages in the Black Racial (Nigrescence) Identity Development Model?
The Black Racial Identity Development Model describes a shift from Black self-hatred to Black self-acceptance and currently consisted of 4 stages (PEIEI)
1) Pre-Encounter: Racial identity have low salience and individuals adopt a majority identity and/or internalize racism. Prefers White therapist.
2) Encounter: Exposure to a significant event leads to greater awareness and interest in developing a Black identity. Prefers Black therapist.
3) Immersion-Emersion: Race has high salience. During immersion, the person idealizes Black culture, feels rage toward Whites, and feels guilt about previous lack of awareness. During emersion, intense emotions subside, but the individual rejects all aspects of the White culture and begins to internalize a Black identity.
4) Internalization: Race continues to have high salience, and individuals adopt one of 3 identities – a pro-Black identity, bicultural identity, or a multicultural identity. Individuals may actively work to eradicate racism and, in therapy, may exhibit healthy cultural paranoia.
What is Barry’s acculturation model?
Acculturation refers to the degree to which a minority accepts the values, attitudes, behaviors, etc., of their own group and the dominant (majority) group.
1) Integration: The person adopts both minority and majority culture
2) Assimilation: The person adopts the majority culture and rejects their own minority culture
3) Separation: The person adopts their own minority culture and rejects the majority culture
4) Marginalization: The person does not adopt either culture
What are Erikson’s identity statuses?
1) Identity Diffusion: No identity crisis yet, no exploration, and no commitment
2) Identity Foreclosure: No identity crisis yet, no exploration yet, but has commitment to an identity imposed by another
3) Identity Moratorium: Active identity crisis, active exploration, no commitment - high degree of confusion, discontent, and rebelliousness
4) Identity Achievement: Resolved the identity crisis through exploration and is now committed to an identity
What is Erikson’s identity diffusion?
No identity crisis yet, no exploration, and no commitment
What is Erikson’s identity foreclosure?
No identity crisis yet, no exploration yet, but has commitment to an identity imposed by another
What is Erikson’s identity moratorium?
Active identity crisis, active exploration, no commitment - high degree of confusion, discontent, and rebelliousness
What are Savin-Williams & Diamond’s 4 sexual identity milestones and what did their research say about gender differences?
1) First same-sex attraction
2) Self-labeling
3) First same-sex sexual contact
4) First disclosure
Their research showed that males reached all milestones except first disclosure earlier than females.
What are Ridley’s 4 types of paranoid clients?
1) Intercultural Nonparanoiac Discloser (Low Functional and Cultural Paranoia): This client will self-disclose to any therapist.
2) Functional Paranoiac (High Functional Paranoia, Low Cultural Paranoia): This client will not disclose to any therapist due to pathological issues.
3) Healthy Cultural Paranoiac (Low Functional Paranoia, High Cultural Paranoia): This client will self-disclose to an African American therapist but be reluctant with a White therapist.
4) Confluent Paranoiac (High Functional and Cultural Paranoia): This client will not disclose to any therapist due to a combination of pathology and the effects of racism.
