Test 3 Flashcards
Define Altruism
An altruistic behavior is one that benefits another individual at some cost to the altruist(the actor)
( when its behaviour benefits other organisms, at a cost to itself)
Define calculating “r”
The probability that the alleles in one individual are identical copies
(due to common ancestry of alleles in another individual)
True or False
Altruism will evolve if (r x b) - c > 0
True
What can we use Hamiltons rule for what
We can make quantitative assessments in whether cooperation should evolve to be favored among individuals
What are 2 predictions of Empirical Tests of Kin Selection
Prediction 1: Individuals should help relatives more than non-kin
Prediction 2: Individuals should help close relatives more than distant relatives
What is the chart of Components of Kin Recognition (3 parts)
Production Component –> Perception Component –> Action Component
Define Production Component (sender)
Sending out the development of recognition cue
Define Perception Component (receiver)
Development of the kin recognition template to send out to action component
Define Action Component (receiver)
Assessing similarity between its recognition template and the recognition cues
Why is Kin selection important?
Group dynamics
Mating
Define the “Green Beard” effect
Production, perception, and action components all encoded by a single gene the recognition template is not learned
(more likely to help someone that looks similar to you then one that doesnt have similar features)
List 3 things about the “Green Beard” effect
1) A perceptible trait, the hypothetical “green beard”
2) Recognition of this trait in others
3) Preferential treatment to those recognized
Define Spatial Location
Template learned from cues associated with locations
Define Association - Growing Up Together
Only of individuals encountered during the learning of the template will be recognized the most
-Most interaction with familiar kin; this system will evolve if family size is small
Define Acceptance Threshold Model of Kin Recognition
-Matching the recognition cue to the recognition template
-Optimal setting of the acceptance threshold should depend upon the benefits of accepting kin and rejecting non-kin
Define Reciprocity
-An exchange of fitness increasing benefits between two individuals
-As reciprocal interactions between two individuals continue, both achieve a cumulative fitness gain
What are the two requirements for the evolution of delayed reciprocity
1) Repeated interactions between the same individuals
2) Discrimination against non-reciprocators (cheaters)
Give 3 examples in which humans observe altruism with the absence of kinship and reciprocity
1) Giving
2) Favors
3) Economic Structures
Define Macroevolution
Large scale changes in species lineages though time
What are some things that happen in Macroevolution
-Visualizing divergence events and evolutionary relationships: Cladistics/ Phylogeny
-Process of Speciation
-Origin of cellular life and life through geologic time
-Human evolution
Define Taxonomy
The study of how organisms are classified, organized, and named
Define Phylogeny
The evolutionary history of a species or group of species
Define Cladogram
A visual depiction of phylogeny (sometimes phylogenetic tree);
Define Cladistics
The study of phylogeny
List 2 facts about Taxonomy
-Biological Hierarchy of Life
-Species ID: Binomial Nomenclature
Roots are defined as_________ on cladograms
Common ancestor
Nodes are defined as_________ on cladograms
Divergence events
Terminal nodes are described as__________, on cladograms
Most modern result of divergence events
Branches are described as_________, on cladograms
Connections between nodes and terminal nodes
Transitions are defined as________, on cladograms
Evolutionary modifications or traits
Sister Taxa can be described as________, on cladograms
Very close common ancestor
Define Basal
Ancestral (lineages)
Define Derived Characters
Characteristics which can be unique to one species or shared
Define Synapomorphies
Derived character shared by two or more lineages
Define Autapomorphy
trait unique to a particular species and its descendants
How to identify clades
Only synonymous with “monophyletic group”
Describe Fundamental Principle
Synapomorphies identify monophyletic groups
Define paraphyletic group
Includes the common ancestor and some, but not all of the ancestors descendants
Define polyphyletic group
Does not share the most different recent common ancestor of the group
Define monophyletic group
Includes the common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor
True or False
A monophyletic group can be removed from the tree with a single “cut” down the line
True
Define Polytomies
On the main line branch, it is the area in which multiple lines stem from one point on the main branch
(look for a fan shaped pattern stemming from a single node on the main branch)
Define Parsimony
Requires the fewest evolutionary events to have occurred in the form of shared derived characteristics
(using the fewest character transitions evolved possible when creating a cladogram tree)
Define Reversal
Loss of derived traits in a lineage, resulting in a return to the ancestral condition