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Chemistry > C6 Global Challenges > Flashcards

C6 Global Challenges Flashcards

1
Q

1 Put in order of reactivity

Lead
Sodium
iron
Gold
Magnesium

A
  1. Sodium
  2. Magnesium
  3. iron
  4. Lead
  5. Gold
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2
Q

1 What is an ore

A

A mineral or rock that contains enough metal to make it economical to extract the metal
Malachite has copper carbonate
Bauxite has Aluminium oxide
Haematite has iron 3 oxide

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3
Q

1 Reactivity scale
Potassium
Sodium
Calcium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Zinc
iron
lead
copper
silver
gold

A

first (5) are extracted via electrolysis

second (5) are extracted through reduction of ores using carbon

last (2) are occurrent uncombined

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4
Q

2 What is aluminium

A

it naturally exists as Al2O3
found in bauxite
used to make aircrafts, foil, drink cans
more reactive than carbon
extracted using electrolysis
has a melting point of 2072*, so add an impurity to lower it.

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5
Q

2 Electrolysis?

A

2 electrodes made of graphite or metals
current passes through
electrolyte must be liquid or aqueous with ions free to move so current can be passed through

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6
Q

2 binary compound?
what can be electrolysed this way?
why are compounds melted first?
products of magnesium oxide electrolysis?

A

only contains 2 elements
ionic compounds
to get free moving ions to carry the current
magnesium and oxygen

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7
Q

2 calcium bromide electrolysis products?
half equations?

A

cathode - calcium
anode - bromide

ca+2 + 2e- = ca
2br-1 = br2 + 2e-

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8
Q

2 +ive or -ive
cation
anion
cathode
anode

A

+ cation, anode
- anion, cathode

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9
Q

2 at -ive electrode ?
at +ive electrode

A

-ive = al+3 + 3e- = al
+ive = 2O-2 = O2 + 4e-

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10
Q

3 uses of aluminium

A

ladders
aero planes
overhead wires/cables
pans
foil
cans

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11
Q

3 properties of aluminium

A

unreactive coating
good conductors of electricity
low density
strong
quite durable
heat conductor
malleable
high melting point

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12
Q

3 what is acid mine drainage

A

sulfide minerals in rocks react with water
oxidise to produce sulfuric acid
sulfuric acid reacts with other metals
forms soluable metal compounds
bacteria can speed up process

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13
Q

3 what is bioleaching

A

using bacteria to extract metals from low grade ores

bacteria oxidise iron 3 and sulfide irons and use the energy transferred for themself
sulfuric acid forms which breaks down other minerals such as copper sulfide to release copper 2 ions and other metal ions

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14
Q

3 what is phytoextraction

A

using plants to extract metals from low grade ores

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15
Q

3 what is leachate

A

solution of copper sulphate made by adding sulfuric acid to burnt plants containing copper

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16
Q

3 what is iron ore
limestone
hot air
coke

A

iron oxide mixed with sand
mainly consisting of CaCo3
blasted at the bottom of the furnace
made from coal, nearly pure carbon

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17
Q

3 carbon monoxide + iron oxide = carbon dioxide + iron
what is oxidised?
what reduced

A

oxidised is carbon monoxide
reduced is iron oxide

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18
Q

4 what is LCA

A

life cycle assessment carried out to assess the environment impact of products, processes or services

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19
Q

4 what should an LCA include

A

sustainability
environmental impact
lifespan of product
recyclability
disposal

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20
Q

4 LCA cycle

A

(look at photos)

raw material
manufacturing/packaging/distribution
use/reuse/maintenance
recycle/waste/management

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21
Q

4 why are LCA’s carried out

A

legislation that manufacturers complete this so they know what happens at every step of the way
should slow rate of natural resource usage
each stage can become more eco friendly

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22
Q

4 Wooden frames

A

heavy
renewable?
heavier to transport
biodegradable
could rot
maintain with varnish

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23
Q

4 PVA frames

A

light
crude oil - non renewable?
light to transport
not degradable
longer life
clean once in a while

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24
Q

4 why should you recycle

A

most material ends up in landfill waste
conserve limited resources, raw materials and energy
reduce release of harmful substances
reduce waste

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25
Q

5 what is a finite resource

A

substance that is no longer being made, or being made extremely slowly
it will run out

26
Q

5 what is hydrocarbon

A

only contains hydrogen and carbon

27
Q

5 importance of oil

A

potable for fuels to transport
raw materials for other products
heating
plastic

28
Q

5 what is crude oil?
how is it made

A

a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules of different sizes
remains of marine organisms that buried beneath the ocean floor
finite, non renewable source

29
Q

5 how is crude oil used?

A

hydrocarbons chains with a similar number of carbon atoms have similar properties
more useful to seperate all the hydrocarbons molecules into fractions

30
Q

5 short molecules have
long molecules have
boiling points

why?

A

short - low
long - high

large hydrocarbon fractions need more energy to break the forces between the bonds to separate them- meaning a higher boiling point
to break the intermolecular forces

31
Q

5 how does a fractional distiller work

A

long chain molecules condense at the bottom of the column
short chain molecules condense at the top of the column

32
Q

5 fractions
c70
c20
c20-c14
c16-c10
c10-c5
c9-c5
c4-c1

A

c70 - bitumen (tar for roads)
c20 - fuel/oil
c20-c14 - diesel
c16-c10 - kerasene (plane fuel)
c10-c5 - petrol
c9-c5 - naptha (make other chemicals)
c4-c1 - refinery gasses

33
Q

6 what is cracking

A

a chemical reaction which makes smaller molecules from larger ones
octane = hexane + ethene
C8H18 = C6H14 + C2H4
Smaller molecules ignite and burn more easily- used a fuel
smaller molecules are in high demand

34
Q

6 what is an alkane

A

hydrocarbons with single bonds only
general formula of C(n)H(2n+2)

35
Q

6 the five alkanes
monkeys eat peanut butter

A

methane - 1C - 4H - C1H4
ethane - 2C - 6H - C2H6
propane - 3C - 8H - C3H8
butane - 4C - 10H - C4H10
pentane - 5C - 12H - C5H12

36
Q

6 What is an alkene

A

hydrocarbons with a double bond (c=c)
general formula C(n) H (2n)

37
Q

6 four alkenes?

A

ethene - 2C - 4H - C2H4
propene - 3C - 6H - C3H6
butane - 4C - 8H - C4H8
pentene - 5C - 10H - C5H10

38
Q

6 what is catalytic cracking

A

cracking can be done in a lab by heating mineral wool soaked in oil with a catalyst, producing gas
(see diagram)

39
Q

7 what gases are in the atmosphere

A

nitrogen
oxygen
carbon dioxide
(methane)
(argon)
water vapour

40
Q

7 what percentage of each gas is present

A

nitrogen - 78%
oxygen - 21%
carbon dioxide - 0.03%
(methane)
(argon) - 1%
water vapour

41
Q

7 what was the beginning of earths atmosphere like

A

hot violent place with active volcanoes
the atmosphere was mainly made up of gases released by volcanoes
co2 and water vapour especially
some methane and nitrogen

42
Q

7 what happened when temperatures cooled

A

water vapour condensed into the oceans
life on earth began, with microscopic organisms
plants used photosynthesis to live
used co2 and released o2

43
Q

7 what happened when the earth got warm again

A

some co2 dissolved into the oceans and rocks
became sedimentary rock
the atmosphere is what it is now

44
Q

8 what does burning fossil fuels produce

what happens to them

A

carbon dioxide
nitrogen oxide
sulfur dioxide

they dissolve in the atmosphere into water
fall as acid rain

45
Q

8 the effects of acid rain?

A

kills trees
poisons lakes
kills aquatic life
erodes stonework and metal work

46
Q

8 burning carbon?

A

produces an orange glow when in pure o2
stays alight for a while
gasses are dissolved in water
very acidic
c + o2 = co2

47
Q

8 burning sulfur

A

produces a bluey lilac glow when in pure o2
stays alight for a very long time
gasses dissolved in water
extremely acidic
s + o2 = so2

48
Q

8 how is CO carbon monoxide made

how is it harmful to the environment

A

not enough oxygen available for complete combustion of fossil fuels

toxic to humans
binds with haemoglobin and stops o2 being absorbed

49
Q

8 how is C carbon made

harmful to the environment

A

long chain hydrocarbons burn without o2

cause global dimming
cause breathing difficulties and damage our lungs
may cause cancer

50
Q

8 how is NO (2) nitrous oxide produced

harmful to the environment

A

hot car engines where heat allows nitrogen and oxygen to react

breathing difficulties
asthma
forms acid rain

51
Q

8 how is SO2 sulfur dioxide made

harmful to the environment

A

impurity in most fossil fuels
reacts with oxygen

acid rain
erodes limestone
kills trees
kills fish

52
Q

8 how is CO2 carbon dioxide made

harmful to the environment

A

by product of burning fossil fuels

green houe effect
causes earth to warm up

53
Q

9 five steps of the green house effect

A
  1. shortwave radiation from the sun
  2. earth heats up
  3. infrared radiation emitted
  4. absorbed and re-emitted by green house gasses
  5. earth heated further
54
Q

9 human causes of the green house effect

A

burning fossil fuels
- fuels for manufacturing, cars, aeroplanes
- making chemicals
- heating and cooking
food waste in landfill and sheep and cows
- produces methane
deforestation
- loss of trees- no co2 consumption
defrosting tundra
- release methane

55
Q

9 effects of global warming

A

sea and land temps rising
ice caps melting
forest fires
food shortages
loss of low level land and biodiversity
extreme weather
desert like land becomes inhospitable

56
Q

9 reduction of green house gasses

A

burn less fossil fuels
use more renewable energy
wind, solar, nuclear, biomass, tidal
recycle all products
absorb more co2
better insulation
eating less meat
capture methane from food waste
use public transport

57
Q

10 how is water collected

what is an aquifer

A

lakes
reservoirs
aquifers
lochs

water stored underground in rocks

58
Q

10 why does water taste different

A

depending on where you live, water tastes different due to it flowing over different rocks and collecting different minerals to absorb

59
Q

10 what is desalinisation

what is filtering

what is distillation

what is sterilising

A

removes salt from brine leaving water

insoluble water particles are removed form the water

mixture containing water is heated into steam, then condensed into water

add chemicals to kill pathogens

60
Q

10 what is chlorine

what is reservoir

what is potable water

what is fresh water

A

a chemical added to water to kill harmful bacteria

where large amounts of water is stored

water that is safe to drink

water containing low levels of dissolved salt

61
Q

10 how to make potable water
1. water passes through a screen to remove large objects
2. settlement tank and soil settle
3. Al2SO4 added to the mix, particles clump together and rise to the top forming a sludge
4. second sand filter, removes all particles in water

A
  1. added chlorine to kill any remaining bacteria
  2. pH of water checked to be neutral, stored in large tanks them pumped to homes, offices, etc

Chemistry (7 decks)

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