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Sociology > Family - Demography - 2.5 > Flashcards

Family - Demography - 2.5 Flashcards

1
Q

Demography

A

Study of the population’s characteristics.

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2
Q

Four Factors affecting Population Growth

A

> Births & immigration increase the population

> Deaths & emigration decreases the population

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3
Q

Natural Change

A

Number of Births minus the number of deaths

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4
Q

Net Migration

A

Number of people immigrating into a country minus the number emigrating from it.

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5
Q

Trends in UK population change

A

> Increased since 1900, due to natural change being greater than net migration

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6
Q

Two Measures of Birth Rates

A

> Birth Rate (BR)

> Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

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7
Q

Birth Rate

A

Number of live births per 1000 of the population per year.

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8
Q

Trends in birth rates

A

Decreased since 1900, despite baby booms after both world wars & 1960’s

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9
Q

Total Fertility Rate

A

> Average number of children a women has in her fertile years (15-44).

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10
Q

Trends in Total Fertility Rate & Reasons

A

Decreasing which affects family size

> Increasing numbers of women remaining childless or having children later

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11
Q

Infant Mortality Rate

A

Number of infants dying before age 1 per 1000 babies born per year.

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12
Q

Birth Rates (Key Studies)

A

> Harper (Improved Living Standards)

> Giddens (Contraception)

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13
Q

Reasons for decreased birth rates

A

> Improved Living Standards (ILS)
Contraception (Giddens)
Changes in Position of children and women
Geographical Mobility

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14
Q

Harper (Reasons for Improved Living Standards

& Falling Birth Rate)

A

> Richer countries, economic growth & improved living standards mean people have less children.

> People have better housing, diet, education & medical care- this costs more but leads to better health.

> Lower infant mortality rate so people don’t need to have - ‘replacement babies’ for those who died in infancy

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15
Q

A03 Increased Living Standards and Births (Key Study)

A

> Functionalism Structural Differentiation

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16
Q

Functionalist (Structural Differentiation) - Criticisms of Increased living standards

A

> State institutions have taken over the functions of the extended family, so people don’t have children to look after them in their old age. This has led to a decline in the birth rate.

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17
Q

Contraception (Giddens) - Reasons for decrease in the birth rate

A

> Plastic sexuality’ - this means sex has become detached from reproduction.

> Due to contraceptive pill people can now plan their families, IVF allows people to have children later in life

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18
Q

General Criticisms of Giddens & Reasons for a declining birth rate

A

> IVF expensive, not everyone can wait to have children

> Baby Boom in 60s came after the contraceptive pill which undermines its role in controlling the birth rate

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19
Q

Changes in Position of Women and Children- Reasons for the decrease in the birth rate

A

> Increasing numbers of women are focused on career first or not interested in having children at all

> Children were economic assets, but compulsory schooling and increased dependency meant having children has become expensive

> Child centeredness e.g. move from ‘quantity’ to ‘quality’

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20
Q

Geographical Mobility - Reasons for a decrease in the birth rate

A

> Modern labour force needs to be very mobile, incentives for smaller families e.g. easier to pack up & move elsewhere.

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21
Q

Implications of Changes in the Fertility Rate

A

> Family
Dependency Ratio
Lonely
Public Services & Policies

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22
Q

Family - Changes in Fertility

A

> Smaller families can now go and work creating dual earner families

> But wealthy couples can still have larger families as they can afford childcare

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23
Q

Dependency Ratio - Changes in Fertility

A

> Fewer children reduces the burden on the working age population

> But fewer people are entering the workforce and increasing numbers of people are retiring meaning increased tax on the working population to support the retired majority

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24
Q

Lonely - Implications of Changes in Fertility

A

> Childhood is lonelier for only children and childless adults may mean fewer voices are speak up in support of children’s interests.

> But children are more valued

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25
Q

Public Services & Policies - Implications of Changes in Fertility

A

> Fewer schools & health services are needed

> Reduced spending on maternity leave

> Instead of fewer schools, the government may opt for smaller classes sizes

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26
Q

Trends in the number of deaths

A

Fallen

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27
Q

Death Rate (DR)

A

Number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year

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28
Q

Deaths Key Sociologists

A

> McKeown (Improved Nutrition)

> Tranter (Fall in number of deaths from Infectious Diseases

> Harper (Obesity)

> Walker (Life expectancy in Poor vs Rich Areas)

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29
Q

Improved Living Standards - Factors leading to Fall in Deaths

A

> Improved Nutrition & Increased Income

> Better Quality Housing & Smaller Family Sizes

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30
Q

McKeown (Improved Nutrition) & Income - Improved Living Standards Factors leading to Fall in Deaths

A

> Better diet, so fewer deaths from tuberculosis, increased resistance to infectious disease & survival chances

> More household income so more money for medicines, food etc - but also greater taxation for public health services (NHS)

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31
Q

Better Quality Housing & Small Family Sizes - Improved Living Standards leading to Fall in Deaths

A

> Heating during winter means fewer colds & less damp resulting in lower levels of illness

> Safer Housing means fewer deaths from accidents

> Improved contraception means less children and therefore reduced disease transmission

32
Q

General Criticisms of Improved Living Standards

A

> Women get a reduced share of the food supply but live longer than men

> More food doesn’t always mean better nutrition e.g. obesity

> Middle class still have higher life expectancy compared to working class due to poverty

33
Q

Medical Factors leading to Fall in Deaths

A

> Fall in number of deaths from infectious diseases & medical advances
Obesity

34
Q

Tranter (Fall in numbers of deaths from infectious diseases) - Medical Factors leading to Fall in Deaths

A

> Vaccines so decreased deaths from e.g. measles & lower death rate in children

> Deaths of affluence are greater than infectious diseases, but reduced with the creation of the NHS, blood transfusions etc

35
Q

Obesity - Medical Factors leading to Fall in Deaths

A

> Obesity now biggest issue greater than smoking, but deaths have decreased due to drug therapies.

> Harper states we are moving towards an ‘American’ health culture with unhealthy lifestyles, but a long lifespan is achieved with costly medication.

36
Q

General Criticisms of Medical Improvements (Tranter)

A

> Vaccinations not entirely effective e.g. COVID

> Middle class people have private health care, working class people don’t

37
Q

Social Factors & Policies leading to Fall in Deaths

A

> Public Health Measures & Other Social Changes

38
Q

Public Health Measures & Other Social Changes - Social Factors & Policies leading to Fall in Deaths

A

> More effective governments with the power to pass laws e.g. clean drinking water, food hygiene, health & safety

> COVID measures

39
Q

Other Social Changes - leading to Fall in Deaths

A

> Decrease in dangerous manual jobs e.g. mining.

> Increased public knowledge of the causes of illness

40
Q

General Criticisms of Social Factors and Policies

A

> COVID Measures are not effective e.g. increased mental health problems

41
Q

Life Expectancy Trends

A

> How long on average person born in a given year can expect to live.

> Life expectancy has increased in women more than men, but the gap has decreased due to employment/lifestyle changes

> As the death rate decreases, life expectancy increases (Soon we will reach radical longevity more people living to 100)

42
Q

Walker (Life Expectancy in Poor/Rich Areas & Jobs)

A

> People in poor areas die earlier than people in the richest areas.

> People in manual work die earlier than people in professional jobs

43
Q

Trends in the average age of the population

A

We have an ageing population

44
Q

3 Factors leading to Ageing Population

A

> Increased life expectancy: Live longer
Decline in the Infant Mortality rate: Hardly anyone dies in infancy.
Decreased fertility :fewer babies born

45
Q

Effects of an Ageing Population

A

> Public Services
One-Person Pensioner Households
Dependency Ratio

46
Q

Public Services - Effects of an Ageing Population

A

> OAP’s over 75 take up a greater proportion of healthcare services so there is increased spending on health care

> Need for a change change in policies e.g. housing & transport to support the over 75s

47
Q

Person Pensioner Households - Effects of an Ageing Population

A

> Increased numbers of women as women outlive men

> e.g. Among the over 75s there are twice as many women than men

> This has resulted in one person pensioner households

48
Q

Dependency Ratio - Effects of an Ageing Population

A

> Increased numbers of retired people mean there is a greater burden on the working population

> But fewer children born reduces this burden

49
Q

Ageing Population (Key Studies)

A

> Philipson (Modern Society & Old Age) (Marxist Perspective)

> Hunt (Postmodern Society & Old Age)

> Hirsch (Policy Implications & Old Age as a social construct)

50
Q

Philipson (Modern Society & Old Age) (Marxist Perspective)

A

> Status based role in production, OAP’s excluded from production therefore have a dependent status

> Not productive so rejected from support by capitalist state - family have to take responsibility for care.

> Made powerless by society

51
Q

Hunt (Postmodern Society & Old Age)

A

> Fixed stages of life broken, late marriage & early retirement, blur boundaries between life stages

> Greater choice means greater freedom to pick own lifestyle regardless of age e.g. gym memberships & cosmetic surgery

> Emphasis on surface features, body surface - OAPs can write their own identities e.g. anti-ageing products

> Media shows positive aspects of the lifestyles of OAP’s, undermines it as stigmatised life stage

52
Q

Hunt AO3 (Key Study)

A

Pilcher (Inequality Among Old)

53
Q

Pilcher (Inequality Among Old) - Hunt AO3 (KS)

A

> e.g. classes e.g. working class people decreased life expectancy & more illness compared to the middle class who have better salaries

> Women have lower salaries & pensions, and are subject to sexist harassment e.g. ‘old hag’

> 29% suffered age discrimination more than other forms of discrimination

54
Q

Hirsch (Policy Implications & Old Age as a Social Construct)

A

> New policies needed to cope with the financial requirements of increased numbers of pensioners e.g. Higher taxes & higher retirement age

> Change in housing policy encouraging older people to go to smaller places freeing houses for the young

> Old age is not biological fact, but a social construction

55
Q

Migration

A

Movement from place to place

56
Q

Immigration

A

Refers to movement into a society

57
Q

Define Emigration

A

Movement out a society

58
Q

Immigration Trends from 1900-40’s & 50-70s & 80s

A

Increased immigration - Irish, European Jews & Canada/USA (1900-1940)

> Non-white immigrants e.g. Caribbean & South Asia (1950-1970)

> White EU main source of migrants, non-white only 1/4 (1980s)

59
Q

Policies Restricting Non White Immigration in 60s & 90s

A

Immigration/Nationality Acts 1960s-1990s put severe restrictions on non-white immigration.

60
Q

Emigration since 1900 - Trends

A

> More emigrants went USA, Canada, Australia & NZ

> Due to push factors e.g. unemployment/eco recession & pull factors e.g. + wages etc

61
Q

3 Impacts of Migration on UK Population Structure

A

> Population Size has increased
Age Structure: migration has lowered the average age directly e.g. migrants are working age & indirectly as they have more babies as they’re younger
Death Rate: They are working age so have decreased the death rate - although older people return to their home countries to retire,
Migrants have more children who eventually join the workforce

62
Q

How do Immigrants help lower the dependency ratio?

A

Immigrants are working age, helping lower the death rate with older migrants returning to country of origin to retire.

63
Q

Globalisation

A

The World is increasingly interconnected across national boundaries

64
Q

5 Main Aspects of Migration & Globalisation

A 
> Acceleration
> Differentiation
> Super Diversity
> Feminisation of Migration
> Migrant Identities
65
Q

Acceleration - Aspects of Migration & Globalisation

A

> In 2000-2013 migration increased by 33%

66
Q

Globalisation & Migration (Key Studies)

A

> Vertovec (Differentiation & Super-Diversity)
Cohen (Super-Diversity & 3 Types of Migrant)

> Ehrenreich, Shutes & Hochschild (Feminisation of Migration)

> Eade (Bengali Muslims Hybrid Identities)
Eriksen (Impact of Globalisation & Transnational Identities)

> Castles (Problem w/ Assimilation Policies & A Divided WC)

67
Q

Vertovec (Differentiation & Super-Diversity)

A

> Now increased types of Migrants e.g. spouses, refugees, workers etc

Super diversity as they come from different countries with different legal statuses

68
Q

Cohen (Super-Diversity & 3 Types of Migrant)

A

> Citizens: Full Rights

> Denizens: Privileged foreign nationals/oligarchs

> Helots - literally slaves

69
Q

Helots

A

Increasingly exploited disposable army of labour e.g. illegally trafficked workers.

70
Q

Ehrenreich, Shutes & Hochschild (Feminisation of Migration)

A

> Half are women, so globalisation of the gendered division of labour where women get roles as carers & sexual services, mostly working class women

> Due to western women being more likely to be in paid work & inadequate childcare

> 40% of female nurses are migrants, they also enter UK as mail order brides & as victims of sex trafficking

71
Q

Eade (Bengali Muslims & Hybrid Identities)

A

> Hybrid identity is a personal identity mixture of two or more influences

> e.g. Second generation British Muslims had hierarchical identities e.g. Muslim 1st, Bengali 2nd etc

> But due to this they have been accused of not fitting in

72
Q

Eriksen (Impact of Globalisation & Transnational Identities)

A

> People now constantly move across the world, not settled in one country or culture with transnational identities

> Technology: It is easier to maintain global ties with decreased need to travel

> Migrants have increased links with other migrants around the world, rather than their country of origin or settlement - don’t want to assimilate

73
Q

State Approaches to Immigration

A

> Assimilationism

> Multiculturalism

74
Q

Assimilationism

A

> First approach, encourages them to adopt language, values & become ‘like us’.

> But fails as migrants want to keep aspects of ‘culture of origin’.

75
Q

Multiculturalism

A

> Lets migrants keep features of original identity

> But only superficial differences e.g. food (shallow diversity)

> & not vital ones e.g. veiling of women (deep diversity)

76
Q

Reasons for Politicians wanting Migrants assimilate culturally

A

9/11’ e.g in France veiling of face was made illegal.

77
Q

Castles (Problem with Assimilation Policies & A Divided working Class)

A

> Polices are counterproductive, sees minority groups as ‘other’, so respond by emphasising differences

> This increases the host’s suspicion of them so assimilation unlikely.

> Assimilationist ideas encourages the working class to blame migrants for issues resulting in a racially divided working class

Sociology (27 decks)

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