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Histology > Chapter 19 - Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 19 - Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions

A
  • filters metabolic wastes and toxins from plasma
  • metabolizes drugs and toxins
  • regulates electrolyte comp. and volume in plasma
  • helps maintain blood pH and HCO3
  • produces urine
  • synthesizes hormones renin and EPO
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2
Q

Renin

A

hormone that helps regulate blood volume and BP
- constricts arterioles, stimulating aldosterone and ADH secretion

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3
Q

Erythropoietin

A

hormone that controls RBC formation and maturation

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4
Q

Nephron

A
  • microscopic functional unit of the kidney
  • renal corpuscle
  • renal tubule
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5
Q

Renal corpuscle

A
  • glomerulus
  • Bowman’s capsule (visceral and parietal layers)
  • macula densa
  • juxtaglomerular cells
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6
Q

Renal tubule

A
  • PCT
  • loop of henle
  • DCT
  • sensory cells - point where the DCT makes contact w/ the macula densa
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7
Q

What is the order of function of the nephron?

A

1- blood enters glomerular capillaries from aff. arteriole; exits via eff. arteriole

2- filtrate enters Bowman’s space

3- PCT

4- Loop of henle

5- DCT
- most salts, water and nutrients are reabsorbed; additional waste products/drugs/toxins are secreted

6- collecting tubule, collecting duct

7- renal pelvis

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8
Q

Renal corpuscle

A
  • filtration barrier
  • capillary endothelial cells and visceral layer of bowman’s capsule and basal lamina - fenestrated capillaries
  • podocytes have feet that envelop the capillaries
  • glomerular filtration rate is about 120 mL/min
    -fenestrated capillaries
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9
Q

PCT

A
  • receive filtrate from Bowman’s space
  • cuboidal epithelium w/ brush border and mitochondria
  • majority of water and electrolytes reabsorbed here
  • main site for reabsorption for nearly all organic nutrients like glucose and amino acids
  • active transport couples to Na-K ATPase
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10
Q

Loop of henle

A
  • U shaped part of renal tubule that extends into medulla
  • reabsorbs 15-25% of H2O and salts - continues to absorb more water to maintain fluid homeostasis
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11
Q

Thin descending limb of loop of henle

A
  • simple squamous epi
  • permeable to H2O but not to salts
  • H2O drawn out by osmosis due to hypertonic environment in medulla
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12
Q

Thick ascending limb of loop of henle

A
  • simple cuboidal epithelium, lacking microvilli
  • impermeable to H2O but reabsorbs salts
  • responsible for hypertonic environment in medulla
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13
Q

DCT

A
  • simple cuboidal epi, mainly mitochondria but no microvilli
  • reabsorbs 5-15% of H2O and salts - final adjustment of K, H in tubular fluid
  • principal site of active drug secretion, critical for drug elimination
  • site of aldosterone action
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14
Q

Aldosterone action in DCT

A
  • increases Na reabsorption and K secretion
  • aids in NaCl retention
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15
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

A
  • group of cells adjacent to the glomerulus
  • macula densa senses Na in filtrate
  • if Na is low, JG cells secrete renin into aff. arteriole
  • results in increase of BP and blood volume
  • secrete EPO
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16
Q

Macula densa of juxtaglomerular app.

A
  • specialized cells in DCT, adjacent to aff. arteriole
  • sense Na in DCT filtrate
17
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells of juxtaglomerular app.

A
  • smooth muscle in aff. artiole tunic media, adjacent to macula densa
18
Q

Collecting tubules and ducts

A
  • conducts filtrate from end of nephron to renal papilla/minor calyces
  • cuboidal cells, gradually becoming columnar as diameter of duct increases
  • last point of salt and H2O reabsorption
  • site of ADH action
19
Q

ADH action in collecting tubules and ducts

A
  • ADH increases H2O permeability of tubules/ducts
  • allows formation of hypertonic urine
  • if ADH is low, urine will be dilute
20
Q

Ureter

A
  • conducts urine from renal pelvis to urinary bladder
  • transitional epith
  • CT
  • smooth muscle
  • external CT
  • distal portion is stratified squamous
  • ureters, urinary bladder
21
Q

Urinalysis

A
  • med lab tests to measure concentration of various metabolites, glucose, blood, protein in urine
  • proteinuria - elevated protein, indicates problem with glomerular filtration barrier
  • hematuria - presence of RBCs, infection or problem with filtration barrier
22
Q

Blood urea nitrogen

A
  • concentration of urea in blood is an indicator of renal function
  • urea is a product of protein catabolism
  • urea itself is not toxic, but other nitrogenous wastes are and elevated levels cause cognitive impairment
23
Q

Serum creatinine

A
  • product of creatine-P breakdown in muscle
  • elevated levels indicate renal failure
24
Q

Hyperglycemia

A
  • caused by lack of insule - insufficient secretion or insulin resistance
25
Q

What does prolonged hyperglycemia cause?

A
  • reduces glucose reabsorption by PCT -> high osmolarity filtrate -> reduced H2O reabsorption -> polyuria
26
Q

What are the chronic complications of hyperglycemia?

A
  • diabetic retinopathy
  • diabetic neuropathy - proteinuria is an early sign
27
Q

What structure is shown here? What does each letter indicate?

A

L1 - renal corpuscle
L2 - glomerulus
L3 - capsular space
R1 - PCT
R2 - DCT
R3 - Loop of Henle
R4 - Thin descending limb
R5 - Thick ascending limb
R6 - Renal tubule

Histology (24 decks)

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