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Zoology Midterms > Skeletal > Flashcards

Skeletal Flashcards

1
Q

is
active movement
from one place to
another.

A

Locomotion

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2
Q

Function of the Skeletal system

A

▪ Provides attachment for muscles.
▪ Produces blood cells for the circulatory system.
▪ Supports and protects the body parts and organs.
▪ Storage area for inorganic calcium and phosphorus.
▪ Nerves travel around/through bone, so you know when it is
broken.
▪ All animal movements result from muscles working against
some type of skeleton.

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3
Q

Types of Skeleton

A

Endoskeleton, Exoskeleton, Hydrostatic skeleton

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4
Q
  • Found in animals that have no hard body parts at all.
A

Hydrostatic skeleton

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5
Q
  • Consists of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment.
A

Hydrostatic skeleton

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6
Q
  • Form and movement is controlled by changing the shape of this
    compartment.
A

Hydrostatic skeleton

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7
Q
  • This is the main type of skeleton in most cnidarians, flatworms,
    nematodes, and annelids.
A

Hydrostatic skeleton

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8
Q

are advantageous in aquatic environments and can
support crawling and burrowing. However, they do not allow the body to
be held off the ground for running or walking.

A

Hydrostatic skeleton

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9
Q

other name for a fluid-filled internal body cavity

A

coelom

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10
Q

The action of circular and
longitudinal muscles working
against the hydrostatic skeleton
produces the

A

peristaltic movement

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11
Q

is a hard encasement
on the surface of an animal, such as
the shells of a mollusk or the cuticles
of arthropods, that provides protection
and points of attachment for muscles.

A

exoskeleton

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12
Q

The shells of mollusks are
exoskeletons made of __. The exoskeleton of
arthropods is made of __.

A

calcium carbonate; chitin

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13
Q
  • consist
    of hard supporting elements within the soft
    tissues of the animal
  • Found in sponges, echinoderms, and
    vertebrates
A

endoskeleton

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14
Q

The endoskeletons of sponges consist of mineral ___
and ____ that keep the body from collapsing.

A

spicules and spongin fibers

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15
Q

The vertebrate endoskeleton is composed of ___ and ___.

A

cartilage and bone

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16
Q

are hard connective tissues and the
major component of almost all skeletal
systems in adult vertebrates

A

bones

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17
Q

Provides a site for muscle attachment, aids in the movement at
joints, provide support, and transmits the force of muscular contraction
from one part to the body to another during movement. It consists of cells,
fibers, and a cellular matrix.

A

Cartilage

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18
Q

Provides a point of attachment for muscles
and transmits the force of muscular contraction from one part of the body
to another during movement.

A

Bone or Osseous Tissue:

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19
Q

Two types of bones

A

▪ Compact
▪ Spongy bones

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20
Q

▪ The calcium-rich portion of the bone.
▪ Located in the middle is the marrow cavity,
which contains the yellow bone marrow.
▪ Contains osteons (Haversian System)
consisting of collagen fibers and mineral deposits
like Calcium and Phosphorus.

A

Compact Bone

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21
Q

▪ Characterized by the presence of numerous
holes and an extensive network of cancelli of
hard bone matrix.
▪ The numerous holes contain the red bone
marrow with blood vessels

A

Spongy Bone

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22
Q

The adult human skeleton is
made up of ___ bones and
___ teeth.

A

206 bones and 32 teeth

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23
Q

are defense
fibrous connective
tissue and are key to
the movement of
joints .

A

Ligaments

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24
Q

is more flexible
than bone but stiffer than
muscle. it helps give
structure to the larynx and
nose.

A

Cartilage

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25
Q

5 major function of the bones

A
  1. Framework and Support.
  2. Protection.
  3. Movement.
  4. Mineral Storage.
  5. Blood cell production.
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26
Q

connects bones to muscles

A

tendons

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27
Q

Bones of the human skeletal system
are categorized by their shape and
function into five types.

A
  1. Flat Bone
  2. Sesamoid Bone
  3. Short Bone
  4. Long Bone
  5. Irregular Bone
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28
Q

The function of ___ is to such
protect internal
organs as the brain,
heart, and pelvic
organs..

A

flat bones

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29
Q

there are ___ pairs of ribs

A

12 pairs

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30
Q

Composed of a series of flat bones that is a part
of the thoracic vertebrae which protects the heart
and lungs and assists in breathing.

A

ribs

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31
Q

3 types of ribs:

A
  1. true ribs – upper 7 pairs, one end attached
    to backbone & the other end to the sternum
  2. false ribs – lower 3 pairs, one end attached
    to the backbone & the other to last pair of
    true ribs
  3. hanging ribs/floating – last 2 pairs, one
    end attached to backbone & the other end is
    free
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32
Q

▪ longer than they are wide,
include the femur (the longest
bone in the body) and the
phalanges.

A

Long bones

33
Q

▪ function to
support the weight of the body
and facilitate movement. (type of bone)

A

Long bones

34
Q

▪ are located in
the appendicular skeleton
and include bones in the lower
limbs and upper limbs. (type of bone)

A

Long bones

35
Q

▪ about as long as they are
wide. (type of bone)

A

short bone

36
Q

▪ Located in the wrist and
ankle joints, short
bones provide stability
and some movement. (type of bone)

A

short bone

37
Q
  • vary in shape and
    structure and therefore do
    not fit into any other
    category (flat, short,
    long, or sesamoid).

▪ often have a complex
shape, which helps protect
internal organs.

A

irregular bones

38
Q

▪ bones embedded in tendons.

▪ These small, round bones are
commonly found in the tendons of
the hands, knees, and feet.

▪ function to
protect tendons from stress and
wear (e.g., patella).

A

Sesamoid bones

38
Q
  • Supports the axis, or trunk, of the body
    (Skull, Vertebrae, Ribs).
  • consists of the skull, vertebral
    column (backbone), and in most
    vertebrates, a rib cage around the
    lungs and heart
A

Axial Skeleton

39
Q
  • Made up of the bones of the
    appendages and the bones that anchor
    the appendages to the axial skeleton.
A

Appendicular Skeleton

40
Q

The skull consists of the ____ and the _____.

A

cranial bones and facial skeleton

41
Q

compose the top and back
of the skull and enclose the brain.

A

cranial bones

42
Q

The cranium is composed of:

A
  1. Occipital bone
  2. Parietal bone
  3. Temporal
  4. Sphenoid
  5. Ethmoid bones
43
Q

The cranial bones are connected by ____.

A

sutures

44
Q

There four general sutures in the skull:

A
  1. lambdoid suture (between the
    occipital and parietal bones)
  2. coronal suture (between the
    frontal and parietal bones)
  3. sagittal suture (between the two
    parietal bones)
  4. squamous sutures (between the
    temporal and parietal bones)
45
Q

form the entrances for the
respiratory and digestive tracts.

A

facial bones

46
Q

the facial bones consists of:

A
  1. Mandible
  2. Maxillae
  3. Zygomatics
  4. Lacrimals
  5. Nasals
  6. Vomer
  7. Palatine
  8. Nasal conchae
    *bones that give shape to the nasal cavity
47
Q

Bones of the Ear:

A
  1. Malleus
  2. Stapes
  3. Incus
48
Q

Laryngeal Section (bones):

A
  1. Larynx/ Laryngeal Skeleton
  2. Hyoid Bone
49
Q

It is a flexible column formed by a series of 24 vertebrae plus the sacrum and coccyx .

A

vertebral column

50
Q

The vertebral column is grouped into
five regions:

A
  1. the cervical spine (C01- C07)
  2. the thoracic spine (T01- T-12)
  3. the lumbar spine (L01-L05)
  4. the sacral spine
  5. the coccygeal spine.
51
Q

Functions of Vertebral Column:

A
  1. serves either directly or
    indirectly as anchor of all the
    bones
  2. Supports the head and
    protects the spina chord
  3. Provides attachment for the
    ribs.
52
Q

formed by the
ribs and sternum, protects internal
organs and gives attachment to
muscles involved in respiration and
upper limb movement.

A

thoracic cage

53
Q

consists of the
manubrium, body of the sternum,
and xiphoid process.

A

sternum

54
Q
  • consists of the scapulae and clavicles.
  • connects the bones of the upper limbs
    to the axial skeleton.
  • provide attachment for muscles that
    move the shoulders and upper limbs.
A

Shoulder/ Pectoral Girdle

55
Q

Bones of the Upper Limb

A

include the bones of the arm
(humerus), forearm (radius and ulna),
wrist, carpals, metacarpals, and
phalanges.

56
Q

it includes 5 bones of the palm
and 14 fingers.

A

hand bones

57
Q

Wrist bones are ____, while
bones of the palm are the
______, and ____ are
the bones of the fingers.

A

carpals; metacarpals; phalanges

58
Q

It is a ring of bones attached to the
vertebral column that connects the
bones of the lower limbs to the axial
skeleton.

A

pelvic girdle

59
Q

The pelvic girdle consists of the right and left hip bones. Each hip bone is a large, flattened, and irregularly shaped fusion of three bones:

A

the ilium, ischium,
and pubis.

60
Q
  • It consists of the tarsal (bones of the
    ankle)
  • the phalanges (forms the toes)
  • the metatarsals (that give the foot its
    arch).
A

foot bones

61
Q

are formed by the
interlocking bones and ligaments of the foot.

A

foot arches

62
Q

serve as shock-aborbing structures
that support body weight and distribute
stress evenly during walking.

A

foot arches

63
Q

runs from the
calcaneus to the heads of the metatarsals and
has medial and lateral parts.

A

longitudinal arch of the foot

64
Q

runs across
the cuneiforms and the base of the metatarsal
bones.

A

The transverse arch of the foot

65
Q

is an area where bones
come together.

A

joints

66
Q

It is the structure that enables
the mobility or flexibility of
human body.

A

joints

67
Q

Skeletal joints are classified into
three based on the degree of
movement it allows:

A

immovable
joints, slightly movable joints, and
movable joints.

68
Q

known as synarthroses or Fibrous joints because the
bones are held together by a tough fibrous connective
tissue. These joints are found in the adult cranium.

A

Immovable (fixed) Joints

69
Q

known as amphiarthroses or cartilaginous joints. The
bones can move a little, but ligaments stop them from
moving too far. Cartilaginous joints connect vertebrae to
one another and connect some of the ribs to the
sternum.

A

Slightly Movable Joints

70
Q

known as diarthroses or synovial joints. They are freely
movable and all the moving parts are held together by
ligaments. In this type of joint, the ends of bones are
covered with cartilage and enclosed in a fluid-filled
capsule.

A

Movable joints

71
Q

are characterized by the presence of an articular capsule between the two joined bones.

A

Synovial joints

72
Q

six types of synovial joints:

A

1) Gliding joints
2) condyloid
3) Saddle
4) ball and socket
5) hinge joint
6) Pivot joint

73
Q

joints move against each other on a single plane.

A

Gliding joints

74
Q

joint allows for circular motion, flexion, and
extension. The wrist joint between the radius and the carpal bones
is an example

A

condyloid joint.

75
Q

joint allows for flexion, extension, and
other movements, but no rotation.

A

saddle joint

76
Q

This joint allows the greatest
freedom of movement that can rotate on any axis.

A

ball and socket

77
Q

It permits movement in only one
direction: forward and backward movement. These joints
allow for flexion and extension. It is found in the elbows
and knees.

A

hinge joint

78
Q

It provides rotation. At the top of the
spine, the atlas and axis form a _____ joint that allows for
rotation of the head.

A

pivot joint

Zoology Midterms (4 decks)

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