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GCSE Geography🫡 > Topic 2: Development Dynamics > Flashcards

Topic 2: Development Dynamics Flashcards

1
Q

What is demography?

A

Is the study of people/population

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2
Q

What is development?

A

The economic, social and political progress of a country of people made
For it to be beneficial, it must be sustainable

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3
Q

What is GDP?

A

Gross domestic product
Is the total value of goods and services, a country produces in a year

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4
Q

What is GDP per capita?

A

It shows the average wealth per person

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5
Q

What is poverty measure?

A

The percentage of people in a country living below an internationally, agreed minimum standard
($1.25 a day)

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6
Q

What is Gini coefficient?

A

Measures how easily shared wealth is in a country
It shows inequality in a score between 0 which is the best and 100 which is the worst

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7
Q

What is access to safe drinking water?

A

The percentage of population with access to improved water supply within 1 km of their home

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8
Q

What is literacy rate?

A

The percentage of the population aged over 15, who can read and write a basic sentence

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9
Q

What is human development index (HDI)?

A

A score between 0-1 that includes a countries, health wealth and education, and can also include life expectancy and literacy rate
A score of 1 is the best

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10
Q

What is corruption perception index?

A

A measure of the level of government openness
A low score ‘0’ is corrupt and a good score ‘10’ is a honest and open country

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11
Q

What is gender inequality index?

A

A number that is calculated using data showing the status of women in society
It includes their access to education, jobs and political rights and the higher score of the better

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12
Q

What is inequality measure?

A

It measures whether income is unequally distributed with a country
A coefficient of 100 would mean that one person had all the money, and he scored 0 means everyone has the same

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13
Q

What is the population structure?

A

The number of percentage of people in a country in each age group
Also shows the percentage of males /females

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14
Q

What is demographic data?

A

All data linked to population changes such as birth rate and death rate

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15
Q

What is birth rate?

A

Number of live births per 1000 people per year

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16
Q

What is death rate?

A

Number of deaths per 1000 people per year

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17
Q

What is dependency ratio?

A

Someone who is dependent and age between 0-14, and 65+

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18
Q

What is fertility rate?

A

Average number of births per woman in her reproductive life

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19
Q

What is infant mortality?

A

Number of children per thousand live births who die before their 1st birthday

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20
Q

What is life expectancy?

A

Average number of years, a person can expect to live

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21
Q

What is maternal mortality?

A

Number of mothers per 100,000 who died in childbirth

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22
Q

Give a example for social, political and economic

A

Social: healthcare, life expectancy
Political: freedom of speech, government corruption
Economic: average income a year, people in poverty

23
Q

What is inequality?

A

Extreme difference between poverty and wealth as well in peoples well-being and access to things like job, housing and education

24
Q

Name, one social, economic, environmental and political reason why countries like malawi are we not developed as quickly as others

A

Social: It has a very high fertility rate
Economic: they are in debt
Environmental: there is pollution of land and water
Political: civil unrest

25
Q

What is a social consequence for developing countries?

A

775 million people in developing countries cannot read or write and high fertility rate as no contraception

26
Q

What is a economic consequence for developing countries?

A

For example, Malawi is one of the 20 poorest countries in the world, and 40% of the countries population population lives less than $1 a day

27
Q

What is a environmental consequence for developing countries?

A

For example, 80% of Malawi’s population is dependent on subsistence agriculture and climate change, making the land dryer and poor quality

28
Q

What is a political consequence for developing countries?

A

The government can be corrupt, and they have non-democratic governments so less money will be spent on other factors such as education and healthcare

29
Q

What is Rostows theory?

A

The country develops in five stages:
1. Traditional society where most people working agriculture.
2. Pre-Take off society where goes from farming to manufacturing, trade increases
3. Takeoff stage where growth is rapid and there is technology.
4. Drive to maturity where it is a period of growth, industries produce consumer goods
5. High mass consumption where it is a period of comfort, and there is a wide range of goods.

30
Q

What is Frank theory?

A

There are three parts:
Periphery
Semi-periphery
Core
Where the core is developed countries and these countries, import and export goods and resources

31
Q

Negatives for Rostows theory?

A

It is based on developed countries
It is an old theory
There is nothing after high mass consumption

32
Q

Negative for Frank theory?

A

His model doesn’t let a country change their level
Poor countries have successfully developed.

33
Q

What is globalisation?

A

Is the process in which places become more interconnected, and independent due to an increase in global trade of goods and movement of people and companies

34
Q

What is a TNC?

A

Is a transnational corporation that produces and sells products that are located in more than one country

35
Q

How do TNCs increased globalisation?

A

Linking together countries through the production and sale of goods

36
Q

How do government contribute to globalisation?

A

They can encourage globalisation as they invest in countries to bring jobs, and then increases income

37
Q

What is an export processing zone?

A

Specific type of free trade zone and is set up in a developing country to promote industrial and commercial exports

38
Q

What is top down?

A

When the money is given to the government, and they give it out to poorest communities and government has control and what it is spent on

39
Q

What is bottom up?

A

The money is given to the poorest communities first, and they spend it, and this is usually on small scale project

40
Q

What is a NGO and what do they do?

A

Non-government organisation
Operates independently on any government, and they help adjust social or political issues

41
Q

What is the IGO and what do they do?

A

Inter government organisation and involve two or more nations and to work in good faith on issues of common interest

42
Q

Example of a bottom up development

A

ASTRA biogas aid
Where cow dung is used to get methane to fuel homes it cost $60

43
Q

Example of top down development

A

Sardar Sarovar Dam
The damn stores rain for dry seasons, and helps for demand in water as population rises

44
Q

Name one social political, environmental and cultural/religious part of India

A

Social: second largest population
Political: part of the UN
Environmental: some of the worlds richest bio diversity with different animals.
Cultural/religious: more than 1500 languages

45
Q

Name three ways India’s economy has changed since 1990

A
  • It’s main export and imports have gone from coffee and fish to machinery and vehicles
  • Some of the countries largest military products will be funded by FDI investments
  • Third largest economy, GDP
46
Q

How has India benefited from TNCs?

A

Benefited from call centres, software, development, and software administration and this means they’ll be more income and end up helping their economy
An example of this is BT setting up a headquarters in New Delhi

47
Q

Name, one demographic change due to rapid economic growth in India

A

Fertility rate have declined rapidly has gone from 5.2 in 1971 to now 2.3

48
Q

Name, one organisation change due to rapid economic growth in India

A

The fastest growing state economically is Goa

49
Q

Name two differences between Maharashtra and Bihar

A

Maharashtra: high, skilled job such as banking, IT
Average of 104,000 rupees per person
Bihar: no skilled jobs, mainly agriculture
50% of households live in less than 80p a day

50
Q

Name two human health issues due to economic development and globalisation on India

A

620,000 people die every year from pollution.
80% of India’s surface water is polluted

51
Q

What is geopolitical?

A

It is politics, and especially international relations influenced by geographical factors

52
Q

What is a superpower?

A

A country or group that have a dominating power and influence anywhere in the world

53
Q

One benefit and one challenge of TNCs and international relations

A

Benefits: poverty levels have fallen from 37% to 22% of 10 years.
Challenges: TNCs have caused environmental issues such as polluting the environment due to the fuel they use

GCSE Geography🫡 (10 decks)

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