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biopsychology > Final: emotions > Flashcards

Final: emotions Flashcards

1
Q

how does emotion impact behavior

A

it causes an increase or decrease in physiological activity accompanied by feelings that are characteristic of the emotion.

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2
Q

which nervous system is in charge of the physical component of emotion?

A

sympathetic NS

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3
Q

What physical reactions does the sympathetic NS produce for emotion?

A
  • fight or flight responses, e.g higher heartrate dilation of pupils, etc.
  • stimulation of adrenals to release hormones, particularly cortisol
  • opposite to parasympathetic
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4
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do for emotion

A
  • reduces body activity
  • conserves and restores energy.
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5
Q

role of feedback in the body: James-Lange Theory (1884)

how physical and mental aspect of emotion interact multiple theory found

A

emotional experience results from physiological arousal that precedes it.

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6
Q

role of feedback in the body: Schacter and SInger’s Cognitive (Two factor) theory (1962)

A
  • emotion based on cognitive assessment of the situation.
  • physiological arousal contributes only to emotion’s intensity

- physiological aousal
- cognitive label/attribution

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7
Q

Integrative embodiment theory of emotions (2013)

A

body sensations important for emotions but perceptions integrated with cognitive information.

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8
Q

Stage 1 of sleep

A

EEG reflects theta waves

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9
Q

when does stage 2 of sleep start

A

after 10 minutes in stage 1

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10
Q

charcteristics of stage 2

A

k-complex: sharp, large waves occurring about once every minute
Spindle: brief bursts of 12-14Hz waves.

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11
Q

How long is stage 2 sleep

A
  • most sleep time is in this stage
  • about 45-50 percent of total sleep time for adults.
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12
Q

Functions of K-complexes

A
  • it suppresses disruptive stimuli from reaching the cortex and waking up the sleeper.
  • it also aids sleep-based memory consolidation.
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13
Q

Function of spindles

A

they also help suppress disruptive stimuli form reaching cortex.

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14
Q

where are spindles generated from?

A

the thalamus

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15
Q

Stage 3 and 4 sleep characteristics

A
  • known as slow-wave sleep
  • 0.5-8Hz
  • have slow, large delta waves
  • used to be separate but now one stage
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16
Q

things that happen in stage 3 and 4 sleep

A
  • point where a person moves around in bed, changes position
  • sleep walking, bedwetting, night terrors occur.
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17
Q

Why is amplitude of EEG lower during awake states?

A

during awake, neurins are firing descyncronizely, so EEG shows low amplitudes and high frequency patterns
during relaxation to sleep, neurons are processing less and fall into synchronized pattern of firing. characterized by lo frequency and high amplitide.

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18
Q

synchronized pattern of sleep

characteristics

A

low frequency, high amplitude

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19
Q

desynchronized pattern of sleep

characteristic

A

high frequency, low amplitude

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20
Q

stages 1-4 also called

A

NREM sleep stages

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21
Q

REM sleep

A
  • EEG waves are desynchronized like when they are awake
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22
Q

Facial feedback hypothesis

A

research shows that our brain knows what the muscles in our face are doing,
which is why we feel happier when we smile, and can experience more pain when making a sad face.

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23
Q

what happens in botox paralysis

A
  • reduced amygdala response to sim. anger.
  • less negative moods
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24
Q

mirror neurons

what are they

A

neurons that respond when we engage in an act and when we observe the same act in others
- contributes to emotional empathy.

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25
Q

Structures in the brain responsible for emotions

A

all of them from the prefrontal to the brain stem.
- the limbic system is most important.

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26
Q

Brain structures in the limbic system

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • basal ganglia
  • hippocampus
  • amygdala
  • anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
  • Prefrontal cortex
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27
Q

Thalamus

importance

A

pre-cortical destination for all sensory info except olfactory, implicated in conscious experience.

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28
Q

Basal ganglia

importance

A

organize motor behaviors

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29
Q

hippocampus

importance

A

this is the primary mechanism for creating new, explicit memory.

30
Q

Amygdala relationship with prefrontal area

A

prefrontal receive most information from amygdala

31
Q

Functions of amygdala

A
  • Fear, anger, and anxiety experience
  • memory formation, especially negative emotions
  • activates when viewing happy faces and pleasant information, as well as sexual stimuli
32
Q

emotions and amygdala

A

amygdala responds to a significant amount of emotional stimuli or
emotional valence: the extent to which an emotion is positive or negative.

33
Q

Fear

A

emotional reaction to immediate threat

34
Q

anxiety

A

apprehension about future uncertainties

35
Q

how does the amygdala affect anxiety

still edit this to explain how benzos affect anxiety and alcohol

A

it has benzodiazepine receptors which help reduce anxiety when Benzos are taken

36
Q

what is the Urbach-Wiethe disease

A

it is a rare recessive genetic which causes the hardening and deterioration of temporal areas

37
Q

Anterior cingulate cortex

importance

A
  • conscious processing
    the larger it is the higher the level of harm avoidance
38
Q

Harm avoidance

A

is worry about possible problems
- fearfulness in uncertainty
- shyness in strangers

39
Q

ACC and emotions

A

combines emotional, attentional, and bodily information to produce a conscious emotional experience

40
Q

functions of the prefrontal cortex

A
  • processes emotional information before an action is taken
  • judgments about behavior and its consequences
41
Q

What is the consequences of damage to prefrontal lobe early in life

A
  • never learn moral and social rules and at best motivated to avoid punishment.
42
Q

What is the consequences of damage to prefrontal lobe later in life

A

understand moral and social rules only in hypothetical situations and cannot apply to their own life

43
Q

consequences of damage to the prefrontal area

A
  • depression
  • schizophrenia
  • aggression or inclined to violent urges
44
Q

are both hemispheres involved in emotional experiences

A

yes

45
Q

left frontal relationship with emotion

A

it is more active when experiencing positive emotions

46
Q

damage to left frontal lobe and emotion

A

more sadness and anxiety about life

47
Q

right frontal relationship with emotion

A

it is more active when experiencing negative emotions
- greater autonomic responses to emotional stimuli such as facial expressions and emotional scenes

48
Q

damage to right frontal lobe and emotion

A
  • unbordered or euphoric when bad things happen
  • have trouble recognizing emotion in facial expressions or tone of voice.
49
Q

What is stress

A

environmental condition in which unusual demands are placed on organisms such as threat, failure, or grief.
- could also be internal cos body reacts

50
Q

two types of stress response

A
  • positive
  • adaptive
51
Q

stress activates

A
  • sympathetic nervous system
  • immune system (brief/ acute stress)
52
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

A
  • a group of structures that help body cope with stress.
  • epi and repin increase heart rate and liberate glucose from muscles.
53
Q

Cortisol

A
  • increase and sustain energy levels by converting proteins to glucose
  • increase fat availability
  • increase metabolism
  • FORM ADRENAL GLAND AN HORMONE
54
Q

immune system

A

the cells and cell products of the immune system:
- Kill infected and malignant cells.
- Protect the body against foreign substances (antigens). i.e. bacteria and viruses

55
Q

types of immune cells

A
  • leukocytes (white blood cells)
  • natural killer cells
  • microglia
56
Q

leukocytes

A

recognize invaders by their unique proteins and kills them

57
Q

natural killer cells

A

attack and destroy certain kinds of cancer cells and cells infected with viruses

58
Q

microglia

A

ingest invaders, display antigen to attract T cells
- similar to macrophages but only present in CNS

59
Q

leucocytes types

A

t cells: multiply and attack invaders
b cells: make antibodies which destroy intruders.
macrophages

60
Q

chronic stress impairs

A

general health

61
Q

stress interferes

A
  • memory
  • appetite
  • energy levels
  • sexual desire
  • mood
  • immune function
62
Q

negative effect of stress

A
  • increase chance of cold and illness
  • increase blood pressure
  • rarely sudden cardiac death
  • can cause brain damage
  • decreased hippocampal volume
  • can be blamed on high cortisol
63
Q

the ______ activates to help the body cope with a perceived stressor

A

sympathetic nervous system

64
Q

in response to “stress”, the ________ gland(s) release (s) stress hormones

A

adrenal

65
Q

when college students were instructed to assume specific facial expressions, they ___

A

reported feeling emotions that were consistent with the facial expressions they were instructed to create

66
Q

what is a type of leucocyte

A

b cells
- macrophage
- t cells

67
Q

which statement best characterizes the james-lange theory of emotion

A

physiological responses to a stimulus precede any feeling of emotion.

68
Q

women who have had their facial muscles paralyzed by Botox and can no longer make a frown

A

report less negative moods

69
Q

schater and singer believed that the physiological arousal associated with an emotion

A

contributes only to the emotion’s intensity

70
Q

bilateral damage to the amygdala produces loss of

A

fear

71
Q

electrical stimulation of the _______ produces symptoms of fear and anxiety

A

amygdala

biopsychology (3 decks)

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