Vascular Pathologies

Question 1

aneurysm

Answer 1

local dilation of an artery d/t weakening of wall

Question 2

aneurysm factors

Answer 2

• congenital defects
• deterioration of vessel wall as a result of atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis
• trauma
• syphilis infection during later stages

Question 3

syphilis

Answer 3

STD caused by parasite Treponema

Question 4

hypertension r/t atherosclerosis

Answer 4

major promoter of aneurysm

Question 5

how does increased BP make aneurysm worse?

Answer 5

• increased pressure inside artery is exerted outward against the wall => further expansion of dilated area
• periods of high stress => increased BP
• may cause aneurysms to rupture

Question 6

aneurysm problems

Answer 6

• large aortic aneurysm
• increased risk of thrombus formation in arteries
• aneurysm of abdominal aorta
• aneurysm in cerebral circulation

Question 7

large aortic aneurysm problem

Answer 7

=> turbulent, disrupted blood flow => decreased blood flow to tissues

Question 8

increased risk of thrombus formation problem in aneurysm

Answer 8

=> peripheral thromboemboli

Question 9

aneurysm of abdominal aorta problem

Answer 9

as its expanding, may compress adjacent arteries such as renal arteries along w/ negative effects like renal failure

Question 10

aneurysm in cerebral circulation problem

Answer 10

can be fatal or lead to significant strokes

Question 11

varicose veins

Answer 11

result of a weakness in vein walls or of defective one-way valves

Question 12

where does varicose veins most commonly occur?

Answer 12

dependent areas of the body
- especially lower limbs or in areas where there is very little surrounding muscle mass (able to continue pumping blood through veins)

eg. superficial veins of legs, esophagus and around rectum (hemorrhoids)

Question 13

varicose veins problems

Answer 13

• faulty or weak valves
• blood accumulation in combo w/ effects of gravity
• increased hydrostatic pressure

Question 14

faulty or weak valves problem in varicose veins

Answer 14

=> blood accumulation over competent valves => stretching and expanding of vessel wall

Question 15

blood accumulation in combo w/ effects of gravity problem in varicose veins

Answer 15

=> increased local hydrostatic pressure => more damage to valves

Question 16

increased hydrostatic pressure problem in varicose veins

Answer 16

=> edema in capillaries => statis blood flow => increased risk of thrombus formation

Question 17

varicose veins s/s

Answer 17

• enlarged, bulging purple colored vein (esp. if superficial - surface)
• aching sensation
• muscle fatigue
• edema
• discolored and shiny appearing skin (may ulcerate as it erodes d/t ischemia)

Question 18

varicose veins risk factors

Answer 18

• genetic predisposition
• trauma
• pregnancy
• thrombophlebitis

Question 19

varicose veins aggravating factors

Answer 19

• pregnancy
• workplace situations involving long periods of standing still
• increasing age associated w/ decreased physical activity and muscle mass
• tight restrictive clothing impeding venous blood flow

Question 20

thrombophlebitis

Answer 20

formation of thrombus (blood clot) in vein where vessel walls are inflamed

Question 21

thrombophlebitis inflammation s/s

Answer 21

• heat and redness in local surrounding tissues associated w/: sense of burning, itchiness, aching, tenderness
• edema as a result of increased venous pressure and upstream pain

Question 22

thrombophlebitis systemic s/s

Answer 22

• leukocytosis
• fever

Question 23

phlebothrombosis

Answer 23

formation of thrombus (blood clot) in vein w/o presence of inflammation

Question 24

how can phlebothrombosis occur

Answer 24

• forms as a result of stasis of flow associated w/ immobility or CHF
• hypocoagulability as a result of dehydration or hypocalcemia

Question 25

phlebothrombosis and inflammation

Answer 25

• inflammation may develop in vein as a result

Question 26

thrombi developed in phlebothrombosis

Answer 26

• less integrated w/ inflammation and are less firmly attached => more likely to detach and become an emboli

Question 27

phlebothrombosis clot circulation

Answer 27

1. venous circulation
2. circulates right side of heart
3. pulmonary circulation

Question 28

what happens to clot once it is in pulmonary circulation?

Answer 28

more likely to become trapped in smaller pulmonary vesells => obstruction => respiratory and cardiovascular problems

Question 29

respiratory problems examples

Answer 29

pneumonia
pulmonary edema

Question 30

cardiovascular examples

Answer 30

heart failure

Question 31

phlebothrombosis common s/s

Answer 31

• sudden chest pain
• cardiogenic shock