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Topic 1: Lifestyle health and risk > Blood Vessels & the Cardiac Cycle > Flashcards

Blood Vessels & the Cardiac Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What is a vein?

A
  • transports blood from organs to heart
    (usually at low pressure)
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2
Q

What are venules?

A
  • venules are narrower blood vessels which transport blood from capillaries to the veins
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3
Q

What is an artery?

A
  • transports blood away from heart to organs
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4
Q

What are aterioles?

A
  • arteries branch into narrower blood vessels called arterioles which transport blood into capillaries
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5
Q

What is a capillary?

A
  • capillaries are microscopic blood vessels that carry blood to the cells
  • they have thin, ‘leaky’ walls which allow substances to leave the blood to reach the body’s tissues
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6
Q

What is collagen?

A
  • collagen is a fibrous structural protein
  • makes blood vessels strong and durable
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7
Q

What are elastic fibres

A
  • made from the protein elastin
  • giving stretching and bending properties to tissues
  • helps withstand high blood pressure
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8
Q

What does elastic tissue allow?

A
  • elastic tissue allows the walls to stretch and recoil
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9
Q

What does smooth muscle help with? What is it lined with and how does this do?

A
  • smooth muscle helps blood flow
  • smooth muscle lined with smooth endothelium reduces friction and creates less restriction for the blood to move through
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10
Q

What is striated muscle?

A
  • striated muscles are muscles attached to the skeleton
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11
Q

What is the structure of a vein? (need to know what they look like)

A
  • the outer coat= connective tissue with collagen fibres
  • inside of wall = muscle and elastic tissue
  • wall of vessel = endothelium
  • wide lumen
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12
Q

What do veins have?

A
  • wide lumen
  • thinner walls
  • less collagen and smooth muscle, fewer elastic fibres
  • valves
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13
Q

what is the structure of an artery? (need to know what it looks like)

A
  • outer coat = connective tissue with collagen fibres
  • inside the wall = muscle and elastic tissue
  • wall of vessel = endothelium
  • narrower lumen
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14
Q

What do arteries have?

A
  • narrow lumen
  • thicker walls
  • more collagen, smooth muscle and elastic fibres
  • no valves
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15
Q

What is the structure of a capillary? What is the size of a capillary? (need to know what it looks like)

A
  • wall of capillary = endothelium
  • walls of capillaries are one cell thick
  • has (small) lumen
  • is 10µm (micrometers)
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16
Q

How does the structure of veins relate to it function?

A
  • veins transport blood under low pressure from tissue back to the heart
  • the vein walls are not very thick and the lumen space is very wide to maximise the blood flow
  • veins have valves to prevent backflow of blood (because of low blood pressure) this ensures blood flows in one direction
17
Q

How does the structure of arteries relate to its function?

A
  • arteries have a thick wall to withstand high blood pressures
  • (the endothelium is highly folded allowing it to expand under high pressure and it is very smooth which reduces friction for free blood flow)
  • arteries have thick layers (more) of elastic fibres and muscle to help pump blood through after contraction of the heart
  • arteries have a narrow lumen to maintain high pressure
18
Q

Is there a pulse present in veins or arteries?

A
  • there is a pulse present in arteries as they stretch to accommodate an increased volume of blood with each heartbeat
  • a pulse is absent in veins due to the increased distance from the heart
19
Q

What is the endothelium, the smooth muscle and tissues fibres and the outer wall (of an artery) sometimes referred to as?

A
  • the endothelium is sometimes referred to as the tunica intima
  • the smooth muscle and elastic fibres are sometimes referred to as the tunica media
  • the outer wall is sometimes referred to as the tunica adventitia or tunica externa
20
Q

Why do veins need valves and arteries dont?

A
  • veins transport blood under low pressure whereas arteries transport blood under high pressure
  • veins need valves to prevent back flow of blood to ensure that the blood flows in one direction
21
Q

How does the structure of capillaries relate to its function?

A
  • capillary walls are one cell thick which allows efficient diffusion rates to exchange substances between the blood and body cells
  • the cells of the capillary walls have gaps called pores which allow blood plasma to leak out and form tissue fluid, white blood cells can combat infection by fitting through these pores
  • the lumen is very narrow allowing red blood cells to pass through in a single file, this forces blood to travel slowly which provides more time for diffusion to occur
22
Q

What is systole? What is atrial systole?

A
  • systole means ‘contracting’
  • atrial systole means contraction of the atria
23
Q

What is diastole? What is ventricular diastole?

A
  • diastole means ‘relaxing’
  • ventricular diastole means relaxation of the ventricles
24
Q

What side of the heart is deoxygenated and what side is oxygenated?

A
  • the right side is deoxygenated (vena cava and pulmonary artery)
  • the left side is oxygenated (pulmonary vein and aorta)
25
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A
  • the cardiac cycle are the events that take place when blood moves through the heart
26
Q

What is the 1st stage of the cardiac cycle? ATRIAL SYSTOLE
(starting from when the previous cycle is ending)

A
  • both atria and ventricles are in diastole
  • blood flows in through vena cava and pulmonary vein
  • pressure in atria increases
  • then pressure in atria is greater than pressure in ventricles, blood starts to leak through AV valves
  • atrioventricular valves open, blood flows down from atria into ventricles
  • atria contract and atrial systole takes place, pushing the remaining blood into ventricles
27
Q

What is the 2nd stage of the cardiac cycle? VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE

A
  • after the atrial systole pushes remaining blood into ventricles, the ventricles contract and ventricular systole takes place
  • pressure in ventricles now rises rapidly
  • ventricular pressure is greater in than pressure in atria, AV valves close
  • this prevents backflow of blood
28
Q

What is the 3rd stage of the cardiac cycle? ATRIAL AND VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE

A
  • once the AV valves shut, atrial diastole takes place and the semilunar valves in the aorta and pulmonary artery now open
  • blood is pumped from ventricles out of the heart
  • ventricles now enter ventricular diastole
  • pressure in ventricles falls below pressure in pulmonary artery and aorta
  • semilunar valves shut

Topic 1: Lifestyle health and risk (8 decks)

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