Demography

Question 1

what are population pyramids?

Answer 1

a graphic presentation of the age and sex composition of a population.

Question 2

what are the types of population pyramid?

Answer 2

• spike
• wedge
• barrel/beehive

Question 3

what is demographic transition?

Answer 3

a theory to explain shift from spike to barrel population pyramids

Question 4

what is the dependency ratio?

Answer 4

a demographic measure of the ratio of the number of dependents to the total working-age population in a country or region.

Question 5

what is the infant mortality rate?

Answer 5

the number of deaths of infants aged 0-1 years/the number of live births

(for specific time period/1,000)

Question 6

what is the under-five mortality ratio?

Answer 6

the number of deaths of infants aged 0-5 years/the number of live births

(for specific time period/1,000)

Question 7

what is the maternal mortality ratio (MMR)?

Answer 7

the ratio of the number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100,000 live births during the same time-period.

• deaths during pregnancy of within 42 days of termination
• associated with or aggravated by pregnancy

Question 8

Define fertility rate.

Answer 8

the number of live births per 1,000 women per year.

Question 9

Define total period fertility rate.

Answer 9

the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime.

Question 10

how is the total period fertility rate calculated?

Answer 10

Sum of ASFRs x 5 / 1000

Question 11

what is the healthy life expectancy?

Answer 11

expected years of life in good or fairly good health.

Question 12

what is the potential years of life lost (PYLL)?

Answer 12

a measure of the relative impact of various diseases and lethal forces on society.

highlights the loss to society from early deaths.

(e.g. should live to 75, die at 40, 35 years lost)

Question 13

how is the PYLL calculated?

Answer 13

the number of years of life ‘lost’ when a person dies prematurely (i.e. before the age of 75)

all causes of death or specific causes.

Question 14

what are disability adjusted life years (DALYs)?

Answer 14

they measure the burden of disease - the extent to which disease reduces the healthy years of life.

1 DALY = one healthy year of life lost.

calculated for specific diseases.

Question 15

how are DALYs calculated?

Answer 15

disability + mortality

disability = incidence x duration x disability (weighting)

mortality = years lost through early death

DALY = years lost (death) plus years spent with disability (allowing for the amount of weighted disability).