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Tom > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

IL 4

A

Mediates class switching to IgE; “Four makes ya a whore–switching classiness” Secreted by Th2 cells

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2
Q

IL 5

A

Promotes Eosinophil Migration; FivE=Eosinophils

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3
Q

IL-6

A

Secreted by T-cells and Macros. Proinflam cytokine

Osteoblasts secrete to activate clasts.

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4
Q

IL 10

A

Stimulates Th2 cells, and Inhibits Th1 cells; “Ten to fight the bacteriem”

also tones down immune system along with Il17

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5
Q

IL-7

A

HSC, B, T and NK cell maturation factor (and general lymphoid cell survival)

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6
Q

IL-8

A

Recruits neutrophils

“clean up on ilse 8”

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7
Q

TH2 cells secrete

A

IL 4, 5, 10 (particuallary in allergic reactions)

4=IgE class switching

5=Eosinohpils

10=inhibiting Th1 and promoting Th2s

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8
Q

Why do you see hypercalcemia in granulomas (and what type of granulomas?)?

A

Expression of 1 alpha hydroxylase in noncaseating granulomas leading to Vitamin D activation

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9
Q

Prosthetic Heart Valves

A

Coagulase Negative Staph (tends to be Left heart Valves) HACEK bacteria: H aemophilus aphrophilus A ctinobaccilus actinoymycetemocomitans C ardiobacterium hominis, E ikenlla corrodens K ingella kingae

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10
Q

IVDA (intravenous drug users

A

Staph Aureus (virulent) TENDS TO BE RIGHT SIDE OF HEART, which can cause other pulm issues

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11
Q

Susceptible Organsims upon splenectomy

A

Encapsulated organisms: “S SHIN”: Salmonella, S. pneumoniae, H. Influenzae, N. meningitidis Post Splenectomy: Howell-Jolly Bodies, Target Cells, Thrombocytosis

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12
Q

HLA Subtype associations: A3 B27 B8 DR2 DR3 DR4 DR5 DR7

A

A3: Hemochomatosis

B27: Psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis, inflammatory bowel disease, Reiter’s syndroeme (“PAIR”)

B8: Grave’s Disease “Gr8ves”

DR2: MS, Hay fever, SLE, Goodpasture’s

DR3: DM type 1 (“DR3 + DM1 = DR4”)

DR4: DM type 1, Rheumatoid arhtirtis

DR5: Pernicious anemia (B12 def), Hashtimoto’s thyroiditis (“Thy ~5”)

DR7: Steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome (Minimal change disease)

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13
Q

Infections that affect fetus

A

TORCH: Toxoplasmosis, Other (syphillis, TB), Rubella (german measles), CMV, Herpes/HIV

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14
Q

Cryptococcus Neoformans

A

Meningitis in HIV/Immunocomp. Monomorphic fungus–Encapsulated yeast buds always

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15
Q

Blastomyces Dermatitidis

A

Broad-based budding yeasts (clinical non enviro form). Skin and bone lesions most common

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16
Q

Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis

A

Budding yeast in pilot’s wheel (clinical) Central and south america. Presents as primary pulmonary disease

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17
Q

Histoplasma Capsulatum

A

Intracellular yeast within macrophages NOT encapsulated. Primary pulm infection Bird Droppings

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18
Q

Aspergillus

A

Oppurtunistic infections Septate Hypahae with 45 degree angles Mengitis (cyrpto more common)

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19
Q

Coccidioides immitis

A

Fungal meningitis in immuno comp. Sonoran desert zone of US (san joaquiin valley fever)

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20
Q

Metronidazole

A

“GET GAP on the Metro” Giardia, Entameoba, Trichomonas, Gardnerella vaginalis, Anaerobes, h. Pylori

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21
Q

Drugs that inhibit P450 Enzymes

A

PICK EGS Protease inhibitors, Isonazid, Cimetidine, Ketoconazole, Erythromycin, Grapefruit Juice, Sulfanomides

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22
Q

Patients with Chronic Granulomatous Disease

A

Get Staph Aureus.

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23
Q

Encephalitis (6)

A

HSV1, HSV2, Rabies Virus, Arboviruses, T. Gondii, T. Brucei

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24
Q

Neonatal Meningitis (3)

A

S. Agalactiae, L. monocytogenes, E. coli

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25
Q

Meningitis 6 months to 6 yrs (3)

A

S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis, H. Influenzae type B

26
Q

Meningitis 6yrs to 60years (3)

A

N meningitidis, poliovirus, S. pneumoniae

27
Q

Aseptic Menigidits(4)

A

Coxsackie Virus, Echovirus, Mumps Virus, Poliovirus

28
Q

Fungal menigitidis

A

C. neoformans

29
Q

Rheumatic Heart Disease

A

S. pyogenes

30
Q

Myocarditis

A

Coxsackie type B, T. Cruzi, S. Aueus + E. faecalis (from endocarditis), C. Diphtheriae, B. Burgodrferi

31
Q

Endocarditis: Native valve

A

Strep Viridans, S. Bovis, Strep Pyogenes (usually better known to cause the rheumatic fever that causes Type III hypersenstivity of heart damage)

32
Q

Endocarditis: IV Drug Users

A

Staph Aureus, Strepococci, E. Faecalis, P. Aeruginosa. Candida Albicans***

33
Q

Prosthetic Valve

A

S. Epi, S Aureus, Gram Negs, C. Albicans Subacturely: Streptococci

34
Q

Protein A

A

Finds the Fc portion of IgG prevent Opsinization (eg Staph Aureus)

35
Q

HIV

A

CD4+ Counts

800+ Healthy

600-800: Assymptomatic

400-600: Generalized Lymphadenopathy

200-400 Generalized Lympadenopathy and Thrush

Antibodies to the envelope continue to rise due to antigenic variaiton that need primary (nonCD4+) response. p24 antibodies (capsid) decline.

36
Q

Asplenic Pateints are at risk for

Why?

What else can they do?

A

SHiNS SKI bacteria (S. pneumo, HiB, N. meningitidis, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Group B Strep).

Capuslated

Transformation–can take up DNA from environmnet

37
Q

Drugs for Aids, Influenza, and Herpes

A
  • avirs=for AIDs (A, A)
  • ivirs for influenza (I, I)
  • ovirs for herpes (O for ouch it hurts)
38
Q

Common atpical pneumonias:

A

MLCV, My lungs can’t “vreethe”. Mycoplasma legionalla, chlamydia, viruses

39
Q

Urease Positive Organisms

A

PUNCH

Proteus, Ureaplasma, Nocardia, Cryptococcus, Helicobacter pylori

40
Q

Catalase Postive organisms (what condition leaves person susceptible to these bugs? How do you test for this condition?)

A

PLACESS (pseudomonas, listeria, aspergillus, candida, E. coli, S. aureus, Serratia)

NADPH deficiency. Nitroblue tetrazolium test will be negative (non blue) [it will be positvie/blue in MPO def).

MPO def is increased risk to candida infections.

41
Q

What does Psuedomonas Cause?

A

PSEUDO:

Pneumonia (cf ppl), Sepesis, External otitis (swimmer’s ear=think water), UTI, Drug use and Diabetic Osteomyeltitis.

And hot tub folliculitis of course.

Ecthyma gangrenosum-necrotic cutanesoul lesions rapidly progressing; in immunocomp ppl

Tx: aminoglycoside with extended spectrum penicllin (P-iperacillin for P-suedo)

42
Q

Transplant Rejection Stages

A

1) Hyperacute: preformed IgG causing T2HSR
2) Acute: Cell mediated T4HSR (and you have T2HSR with new antibody devo)
3) Chronic: Host T cells can interact with graft MHC 1’s however the grafts antigens that are presented on MHC 1’s are seen as foreign causing RXN
4) Graft vs Host disease: graft’s T-cells fight against immunocomprimised host

43
Q

What cells participate in ADCC, what do they need?

Macrophages Positive for what CD’s what do they do?

A

Macrophages (C14/40+)/NK cells

CD16 which binds to the Fc portion of Igs

CD14 (TLR) used to bind Endotoxin

44
Q

Severe Recurrent Pyogenic Infections?

A

C3 def particularly of upper resp tract:

Strep Pneumo and H Flu

45
Q

Type of HSR:

Polyarteritis Nodosa?

Ecyzema?

Serum Sickness?

Arthrus Reaction?

A

3

1

3

3

46
Q

X linked Immuno def?

A

“WBC”

Wiskott, Brutons (can be), Chronic Granulomatous (can be)

47
Q

Kid with poor smooth pursuit, small malformed blood vessels on skin, and recurrent sicknesses

A

ATM

Three A’s A-taxia, Angiomas (teliectasias), IgA def

48
Q

Lepramatous leprosy demonstrate weak what?

Tuberculoid Leprosy?

A

Weak cell mediated response thus decreased Th1, thus defective macros.

Better cell mediated thus higher Th1 CD8+

49
Q

Interstitial Pneumonia in a lung transplant patient?

A

CMV***, will likely see intranuclear inclusions and GIANT cells (cytoMEGAlovirus)

50
Q

Interferon for granuloma formation? For maintenance?

A

IFN Gamma for formation

TNF alpha for maintenance

51
Q

B cell vs T cell immunodef presentations?

A

B-cell: Otits media (Strep pneumo, moraxella, H flu)

T-cell: mucocandidiasis infections and pneumocystis infections

52
Q

2 factors that drive angiogenesis?

A

VEGF and FGF***

53
Q

Blood characteristic seen commonly in chronic ETOH?

A

Macrocytosis

Occurs either from poor nutrition (B12/Folate) or by ETOH acting as direct toxin on marrow

54
Q

Predisposing factor for hematogenous spread of candida albicans?

Superficial spread?

A

Low Neutrophils

Low CD4+ cells

55
Q

Live attenuated vaccines better at?

A

Generating a prolonged immune reponse, thus have more IgG’s and mucosal IgA’s (A’s if the organism has a mucosal invasion component)

56
Q

3*** things that are released from degranulating mast cells?

A

Histamine

Leukotrienes

TRYPTASE (specific to mast cells)

57
Q

Fibrinoid Necrosis?

A

Fibrionid~Fibrin like telling you some immune component is present

Usually the result of type III complexes being deposited in endothelial wall (eg Polyarteritis Nodosa, Henoch Schonlein Purpura; can also be seen in malignant HTN/Preeclampsia)

58
Q

Pertussis vaccine is what type?

H Flu is what type?

A

Acellular. Think DTaP as “acellular pertussis”

Hflu conjugated to diptheria toxin

59
Q

Protein A vs IgA protease?

A

Protein A binds Fc Recptor preventing ospinization

IgA Protease allows for mucosal survival/penetration

60
Q

UTIs

What does a leukocyte esterase test tell you?

Nitrite Test?

DD for Urease test?

A

L Esterase tells you its bacterial in origin

Nitrite tells you its a Gram Neg*****

Urease + prolly Proteus/Kleb

Urease - prolly E. coli or enteroccocus

Tom (30 decks)

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