Thinking and Language Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

cognition

A

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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2
Q

concept

A

mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

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3
Q

prototype

A

a mental image or best example of a category

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4
Q

creativity

A

the ability to produce new and valuable ideas

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5
Q

convergent thinking

A

narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

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6
Q

divergent thinking

A

expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that expands in different directions

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7
Q

algorithm

A

a methodical, logical rule or step-by-step procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

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8
Q

heuristic

A

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than an algorithm

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9
Q

insight

A

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution

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10
Q

confirmation bias

A

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

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11
Q

fixation

A

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective

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12
Q

mental set

A

a tendency to approach situations the same way because that way worked in the past

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13
Q

intuition

A

an effortless, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious feeling

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14
Q

representativeness heuristics

A

estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes

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15
Q

availability heuristics

A

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

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16
Q

overconfidence

A

the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

17
Q

belief perseverance

A

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

18
Q

framing

A

the way an issue is posed

19
Q

language

A

our spoken, written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

20
Q

phoneme

A

in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

21
Q

morpheme

A

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning

22
Q

grammar

A

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

23
Q

babbling

A

beginning around 4 months, the stage of speech development in which an infant spontaneously utters various sounds

24
Q

one-word

A

the stage in speech development, from about 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

25
Q

two-word

A

mostly nouns and verbs… “want juice”

26
Q

telegraphic speech

A

the two-word stage produces sentences in which a child speaks like a telegram - using mostly nouns and verbs

27
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

brain area involved in language comprehension and expression

27
Q

Broca’s Area

A

helps control language expression, directs the muscle movements involved in speech

28
Q

linguistic determinism

A

proposed that language controls th way we think and interpret the world around us

29
Q

linguistic influence

A

the idea that language affects thought (this our thinking and world view is relative to our cultural language)

30
Q

Robert Sternberg

A

developed a testing instrument to identify people who are gifted in ways that other tests don’t identify.

31
Q

Wolfgang Kohler

A

Insight learning

32
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

the concept of universal grammar

33
Q

Carl Wernicke

A

discovery of the area in the cerebrum responsible for receptive language/speech phenomena in the superior gyrus of the temporal lobe (Wernicke aphasia).

33
Q

Paul Broca

A

discovery of the speech production center of the brain

34
Q

Benjamin Lee Whorf

A

widely known for his ideas about linguistic relativity, the hypothesis that language influences thought.

35
Q
A