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abnormal psych > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

sexual dysfunction

A

a set of disorders in which people have difficulty responding or experiencing sexual pleasure

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2
Q

erectile disorder

A

involves the recurrent inability to attain or maintain an erection until the completion of sexual activity or a marked decrease in erectile rigidity; must fail to achieve or maintain an erection until completion of sexual activity on all or almost all (75-100%) of occassions over a period of approx. 6 months; can be ‘lifelong’ or ‘acquired’; generalized or situational; approx. 40% of men aged 40 and 70% of men age 70 have some form of ED; prevalence in younger men could be underreported

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3
Q

phases that disorders of sexual dysfunction are associated with

A

arousal, orgasm

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4
Q

exhibitionist disorder

A

exposure of one’s genitals to an unsuspecting stranger; behavior must cause significant distress or impairment; most exhibitionists are men, and their targets tend to be women, children, or adolescents

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5
Q

fetishistic disorder

A

nonliving objects or nongenital body parts

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6
Q

frotteruistic disorder

A

individuals must experience recurrent and intense sexual arousal from touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person for more than 6 months; mostly prevalent in males, onset most often in adolescence or early adulthood; estimated to affect 7.9-9.7% of the population

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7
Q

gender dysphoria

A

diagnosed when there is a discrepancy between individuals’ gender identity and their biological sex

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8
Q

paraphilias & paraphilic disorder

A

atypical sexual preferences
disorder which involves atypical sexual activity that causes the individual significant distress or impairment, or entails personal harm or risk of harm to others; fantasies involving nonhuman objects, non-consenting adults, the suffering or humiliation of oneself or one’s partner, or children

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9
Q

pedophilic disorder

A

adults (16 years +) who have recurrent, intense, and uncontrollable sexual fantasies, urges, and behaviors focused on sexually immature children, generally 13 years or younger; must have acted on the urges involving children or child sexual exploitation materials, or experience distress because of these urges

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10
Q

performance anxiety disorder

A

when people worry so much about whether they are going to be aroused and have an orgasm that this worry interferes with their sexual functioning

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11
Q

sex-change surgery

A

surgery to align a person’s sex organs to those of the gender they identify with

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12
Q

sexual masochism disorder

A

acts (real, not stimulated) of being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer

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13
Q

sexual sadism disorder

A

acts (real, not stimulated) involving the physical or psychological suffering (including humiliation) of another person; believed to be the primary force behind committing sexual offenses; predominant in men and associated with antisocial behaviors

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14
Q

spectator role

A

people who anxiously attend to reactions and performance during sex as if they were spectators rather than participants; causes more dysfunction

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15
Q

transvestic disorder

A

applied to individuals who fantasize about dressing in the clothes specific to the opposite sex which results in sexual arousal and subsequent emotional distress and significant dysfunction; symptoms must be present for at least 6 months; almost exclusively found in men

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16
Q

primary symptom clusters of Autism and examples

A

deficits in social communication and social interaction – abnormal social approach, reduced emotions, failure to communicate, difficulty maintaining and understanding relationships

restricted, repetitive behaviors, interests, or activities – hyper fixations, strict routines, sensory issues, echolalia

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17
Q

refrigerator mother theory

A

stated that autism was caused in children as a result of mothers being cold and uncaring towards them – debunked

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18
Q

myelination and over and underconnectivity

A

there are problems with connectivity: decreased myelination, local overgrowth/overconnectivity and distal interconnectivity, abnormalities in size and function of corpus callosum

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19
Q

vaccinations and autism; why are these false beliefs held strongly?

A

Andrew Wakefield believed that the MMR vaccine might be the cause of autism, so he published a study of 12 children with ASD in Lancet in 1998

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20
Q

typical onset of autism and factors predictive of better outcomes

A

early childhood (usually observed by age 2); best predictor of the outcome is a child’s IQ and the amount of language development before age 6; children with an IQ above 50 and communicative speech before age 6 have a better prognosis

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21
Q

effective and ineffective treatment approaches for autism

A

atypical antipsychotic medications have shown more reliable effectiveness – reduce obsessive and repetitive behaviors and improve self-control

stimulants used to improve attention

there were strong improvements with comprehensive behavior therapy

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22
Q

autism

A

involves impairment in two fundamental behavior domains–deficits in social interactions and communications and restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, and activities

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23
Q

echolalia

A

echoing words one hears

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24
Q

joint attention

A

involves sharing a common focus on something with someone else

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25
Q

neurodevelopmental disorders

A

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; autism spectrum disorder; intellectual disability; and learning, communication, and motor disorder; disorders that arise in childhood

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26
Q

nonverbal communicative behaviors

A

transmission of messages or signals through a nonverbal platform such as eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, etc.

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27
Q

preservation of sadness

A

?????

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28
Q

savants

A

persons with extraordinary abilities, distinguished in one particular field (like an Ultimate/SHSL student)

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29
Q

self-stimulatory behaviors

A

repetitive behaviors using some part of the body, like flapping hands or banging heads against walls

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30
Q

social-emotional reciprocity

A

refers to an individual’s ability to engage in social interactions between two or more people

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31
Q

theory of mind

A

some people with autism struggle with the theory of mind, which is defined as the ability to understand and take into account another individual’s mental state or of “mind-reading”

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32
Q

ADHD dimensions and symptoms

A

combined presentation: 6 or more symptoms of inattention and 6 or more symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity
predominantly inattentive presentation: 6 or more symptoms of inattention but less than 6 for hyperactivity-impulsivity
predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation: 6 or more symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity but less than 6 for inattention

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33
Q

ADHD cognitive deficits, medical, physical, and social problems

A

people with ADHD are more likely to underperform in academics; peer relationships are often disputed and children with ADHD are more likely to experience peer rejection and teasing; peer neglect; more commonly co-existing with learning disorders; 45-60% of children will develop a conduct disorder, abuse drugs or alcohol, or violate the law; ADHD may more than double the risk of premature death from unnatural causes

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34
Q

course of ADHD over time

A

begins in childhood, must be present prior to the age of 12 within multiple settings –> persist into adulthood, at increased risk for antisocial personality disorder, substance abuse, mood and anxiety disorders, marital problems, traffic accidents, legal infractions, and frequent job changes

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35
Q

effective ADHD treatment strategies

A

stimulant drugs like Ritalin, Dexedrine, and Adderall – 70-85% of ADHD children respond to these drugs with decreases in demanding, disruptive, and noncompliant behavior; behavioral therapies focusing on reinforcing attentive, goal-directed, and prosocial behaviors and extinguishing impulse and hyperactive behaviors; cognitive-behavioral treatments that incorporate organizational, planning, and time management skills appear to be effective

36
Q

hyperactivity

A

the condition of being abnormally or extremely active, sometimes even disruptive

37
Q

impulsivity

A

the quality of being easily swayed by emotional or involuntary urges without weighing them rationally

38
Q

inattention

A

lack of attention; distraction

39
Q

parent management training

A

an approach to treating children’s behavior by having parents reinforce positive behaviors in their children to discourage aggressive or antisocial behaviors

40
Q

positive illusory bias

A

the disparity of discrepancy between the self-report of competence and “actual” competence, with the former being higher than the latter

41
Q

stimulant medication

A

medication that works by increasing levels of dopamine in the synapses of the brain, enhancing release, and inhibiting reuptake of the neurotransmitter; side effects include reduced appetite, insomnia, edginess, and gastrointestinal upset

42
Q

oppositional defiant disorder

A

a less severe pattern of chronic misbehavior that does not include aggression towards people or animals, destruction of property, and theft and deceit

43
Q

ODD symptoms and dimensions

A

3 dimensions:
1. angry-irritable mood - often loses temper, touchy and easily annoyed, often angry and resentful
2. argumentative/defiant behavior - often argues with authority or with adults, often actively defies or refuses to comply with requests from authority or the rules, often deliberately annoys others, often blames others for their mistakes or misbehavior
3. vindictiveness - has been spiteful or vindictive at least twice in the last 6 months,

44
Q

ODD gender differences in prevalence and in course over time

A

boys are about 3 times more likely to be diagnosed with ODD than girls, but this discrepancy is less stark in adolescence than in childhood; aggression in girls and boys looks different, meaning that boys are more likely to draw attention to their behavior than girls

45
Q

ODD impacts; role of symptom dimensions in emotional versus behavioral outcomes

A

dimensions of ODD include chronic irritability and oppositional behavior – irritability dimension predicts subsequent increases in depression, anxiety, and suicidality; oppositional behavior dimension is associated with ADHD and predictive of conduct behavior

46
Q

coercive parent-child interactions and reciprocal influences between parents and children

A

coercive parent-child interactions is a cycle of negative parent-child interactions leading to the development of conduct and antisocial behavior in the child which creates a positive feedback cycle of aggressive behaviors between child and parent

47
Q

parent child interaction therapy

A

helps by encouraging positive interactions between parents and children and by training parents how to implement consistent and nonviolent discipline techniques when children act out

48
Q

problem solving skills training

A

using real and hypothetical problem situations with children to help them generate positive solutions

49
Q

timid discipline

A

????

50
Q

conduct disorder

A

repetitive and persistent pattern of aggressive, defiant, cruel, deceitful, and destructive antisocial behaviors that violate the basic rights of others or rules of society; must display at least 3/15 of the criteria for the past 12 months with at least one criterion present in the last 6 months; one of the strongest predictors for the development of antisocial personality disorder, substance abuse, and criminal behavior, especially violent and severe crimes; specified by age (childhood-onset CD, adolescent-onset CD, life-course-persistent antisocial behavior)

51
Q

CD symptoms and organizing categories

A

behaviors fall into four categories: 1. aggression to people and animals, 2. destruction of property, 3. deceitfulness or theft, and 4. serious violations of rules

52
Q

how is the inclusion of limited prosocial emotions relevant to CD?

A

diagnosis can be given to children who meet the full criteria for CD and show at least two of the following characteristics in multiple relationships and settings: a. lack of remorse or guilt for their actions, b. lack of empathy for others (callousness), c. lack of concern about performance at school, at work, or in other important activities, and d. shallow or deficient emotions (e.g., insincerity in emotions, using emotions to manipulate others)

53
Q

history of psychopathy

A

the definition of psychopathy extends the DSM-5’s criteria for ASPD – characterized by a superficial charm, a grandiose sense of self-worth, a tendency toward boredom and a need for stimulation, a history of pathological lying, cunning and manipulativeness, and a lack of remorse

54
Q

between CD and ODD, which disorder’s prevalence differences by gender are greater and more persistent?

A

boys are about 3 times more likely to be diagnosed with CD and ODD than girls

55
Q

relational agression

A

behaviors such as excluding peers, gossiping about them, and colluding with others to damage the social status of their targets

56
Q

social cognition

A

a complex set of mental abilities underlying social stimulus perception, processing, interpretation, and response

57
Q

effective and ineffective treatment for CD

A

cognitive behavioral therapy that aims to change children’s ways of interpreting interpersonal interaction by teaching them to take and respect the perspectives of others, to use self-talk to control impulsive behaviors, and to use more adaptive ways of solving conflicts than aggression; stimulant drugs, antidepressants

58
Q

cortisol

A

a steroid hormone that is released when a person is stressed

59
Q

HPA axis

A

stress results in the hypothalamus stimulating the pituitary gland to release hormones that further cause the adrenal glands to release cortisol

60
Q

what is the role of uncontrollability, unpredictability, and duration in stress in health?

A

causes an allostatic load which is implicated in the link between psychological and physical problems

61
Q

factors like pessimism, hostility, depression, and avoidance

A

pessimism: causes arousal of the body’s fight-or-flight response, contributes to poor health and unhealthy behaviors, reduces positive coping strategies

avoidance coping: denying that one is ill or is facing other obvious stresses

hostility: can be modified to improve cardiovascular functioning

62
Q

sleep disturbances and disorders (and their effects on health)

A
63
Q

allostatic load

A

a condition in which a stressor is chronic and a person or animal cannot fight it or flee from it, and the chronic physiological arousal that results can be severely damaging to the boost

64
Q

coronary heart disease

A

occurs when the blood vessels that supply the heart muscles are narrowed or closed by the gradual buildup of a hard, fatty substance called plaque and inflammation of the vessel walls, blocking the flow of oxygen and nutrients to the heart

65
Q

sleep disorders

A

disturbances in sleeping or staying awake

66
Q

insomnia disorder

A

chronic difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep or sleep that does not restore energy and alertness

67
Q

hypersomnolence disorders

A

characterized by excessive sleepiness, which can be expressed as an excessive quantity of sleep (hypersomnia) or a low quality of wakefulness

68
Q

narcolepsy

A

recurrent attacks of irrepressible need to sleep, lapses into sleep, or naps occurring within the same day

69
Q

cataplexy

A

characterized by episodes of sudden loss of muscle tone lasting under 2 minutes, triggered by laughter or joking in people who have had narcolepsy for a long time

70
Q

central sleep apnea

A

people with CSA experience complete cessation of respiratory activity for brief periods of time yet do not have frequent awakenings and do not tend to feel tired during the day

71
Q

obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome

A

most common breathing-related sleep disorder; referred to as simply sleep apnea; to meet the criteria for this diagnosis, an individual has to have evidence from polysomnograph tests showing frequent apneas or hypopneas

72
Q

REM sleep behavior disorder

A

frequent and impairing behaviors that occur during REM sleep, such as thrashing or fighting while asleep, acting out dreams, and engaging in conversations with people in dreams

73
Q

circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder

A

difficulty adjusting circadian rhythm after a disruption

74
Q

sleep terror disorder

A

occurs during which a person (typically a child) appears to be awake, afraid, and screaming, but they are asleep

75
Q

sleepwalking

A

occurs during NREM sleep, so the person sleepwalking is not acting out a dream; it is difficult to wake someone who is sleepwalking, but it is not dangerous

76
Q

male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

A

men have little desire for sex and have deficient or absent sexual thoughts or fantasies; can either be ‘lifelong’ or ‘acquired’; more common in older men, but 15-20% of men report having it

77
Q

female sexual interest/arousal disorder

A

to be diagnosed, a women must (for at least 6 months) experience at least 3 of the following symptoms: absent or significantly reduced interest in sexual activitity, in sexual or erotic thoughts or fantasies, in initiation of sex or receptiveness to sex, in excitement or pleasure in most sexual encounters, in sexual responsiveness to erotic cues, or in genital or nongenital responses to sexual activity; can be ‘lifelong’ or ‘acquired’

78
Q

female orgasmic disorder (anorgasmia)

A

women experience markedly reduced intensity of orgasms, or delay or absense of orgasm, after having reached the excitement phase of the sexual response cycle in at least 75% of sexual encounters; can be ‘lifelong’ or ‘acquired’; about 1/4 women report having difficulty reaching orgasm and 4.7% can be diagnosed with FOD; greater among postmenopausal women (1/3)

79
Q

early or premature ejaculation

A

to be diagnosed, a man must ejaculate within 1 minute of penetration in partnered sexual activity and before the man wishes it on 75% of occassions over a period of at least 6 months; can be ‘lifelong’ or ‘acquired’; somewhere between 21-40% of men report having problems with early ejaculation but only about 1-3% fit the criteria for this disorder

80
Q

delayed ejaculation

A

men experience a marked delay in or the absence of orgasm following the excitement phase of the sexual response cycle in at least 75% of sexual encounters; less than 3% of men could be diagnosed with this

81
Q

genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder

A

women who for approx. 6 months recurrently experience either pain or muslce tightening during sex, or who have marked fear or anxiety about experiencing such pain, can be diagnosed

82
Q

substance-induced sexual dysfunction

A

when sexual dysfunction is caused by substance use

83
Q

prevalence of sexual dysfunction

A

women: may be 30-63%

84
Q

voyeuristic disorder

A

act of observing an unsuspecting person who is naked, in the process of undressing, or engaged in sexual activity; behavior must be compulsive and repeated for 6 months; affects 12% of men and 4% of women

85
Q

ADHD

A

creates persistent issues with attention and/or impulsivity-hyperactivity

abnormal psych (4 decks)

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