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anatomy and physiology I > cellular level > Flashcards

cellular level Flashcards

1
Q

The major function of mitochondria is to

A

generate ATP

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2
Q

Plasma membranes are _________ , which means that some chemicals move easily through plasma membrane while other chemicals do not.

A

selectively permeable

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3
Q

what are the three main parts of a eukaryotic cell?

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

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4
Q

if the solute concentration is greater inside of the cell than outside of the cell, water will move by osmosis

A

into the cell

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5
Q

The following is a particular sequence of base triplet on a DNA molecule: ATG. What is the corresponding codon for the mRNA?

A

UAC

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6
Q

the overall function of mitosis is

A

production of new cells

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7
Q

what are the nonpolar parts of phospholipids ?

A

fatty acid tail groups

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8
Q

This organelle is responsible for synthesis of steroids, phospholipids and functions as a reservoir for Ca2+?

A

smooth ER

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9
Q

This is the transport process by which gases, like O2 and CO2, move through a membrane.

A

simple diffusion

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10
Q

This process is division of the cytoplasm.

A

cytokinesis

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11
Q

Specialized structures within a cell that have a characteristic shape and perform specific functions in cellular growth, maintenance and reproduction are called

A

organelles

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12
Q

In this transport process, the energy from hydrolysis of ATP is used to drive substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradients.

A

primary active transport

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13
Q

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules are all components of a cell’s

A

cytoskeleton

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14
Q

During this phase of the cell cycle, organelles duplicate and centrosome replication begins.

A

interphase

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15
Q

A cell lacking ribosomes will be unable to make the following compounds

A

proteins

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16
Q

Which of the following membrane-enclosed organelles can engulf a worn-out organelle, digest its chemical components, and recycle those digested components?

A

lysosomes

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17
Q

During phagocytosis, binding of a particle to a plasma membrane receptor triggers formation of ——, which are extensions of the plasma membrane of the phagocyte that eventually surround the particle forming a phagosome.

A

pseudopods

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18
Q

Which of the following transport processes uses vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane to secrete materials into the extracellular fluid?

A

exocytosis

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19
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the cytosol?

A

cation of electron transport chain carrier proteins

20
Q

_____ is the transformation of one type of cell into another

A

metaplasia

21
Q

what other organelle besides the nucleus contain DNA?

A

mitochondrion

22
Q

This is the set of rules that relates the base triplet sequence of DNA to the corresponding codons of
RNA and the amino acids that they specify.

A

genetic code

23
Q

Which of the following transport process uses vesicles formed at the plasma membrane to take up extracellular substances and import them into the cell?

A

endocytosis

24
Q

the major function of the proteasomes is to

A

degrade unneeded, damaged, or faulty cellular proteins

25
Q

This group of proteins is used to switch on and off the kinases that control the progression of somatic cell division from one stage of the cell cycle to the next.

A

cyclins

26
Q

The difference in concentration of a specific chemical, like Nat, on the inside and outside of a plasma is referred as a(n)

A

concentration gradient

27
Q

This type of membrane protein extends across the entire lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane touching both intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid.

A

transmembrane protein

28
Q

the three main components of the lipid bilayer portion of a plasma membrane are

A

phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids

29
Q

This type of membrane protein anchors cells to neighboring cells and to protein filaments found outside or inside the cell.

A

linkers

30
Q

Which of the following types of membrane proteins function by recognizing and binding to hormones and neurotransmitters?

A

receptors

31
Q

how long does the G2 phase normally last?

A

4-6 hours

32
Q

A(n) __ is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene.

A

mutation

33
Q

This cellular organelle is comprised of a pair of centrioles and the surrounding pericentriolar material.

A

centrosome

34
Q

During this phase of cell division, the chromatin fibers condense and shorten into chromosomes that are visible under the microscope.

A

prophase

35
Q

This is a measure of a solution’s ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content.

A

tonicity

36
Q

Spermatozoa is the only type of human cell that contains a _
→ which is a whip-like structure
that helps propel the sperm towards an oocyte.

A

flagellum

37
Q

A patient would be infused with a
______ solution in
order to ultimately relieve excess interstitial fluid in the brain.

A

hypertonic

38
Q

This structure binds to an amino acid and holds it in place on a ribosome until it is incorporated into a polypeptide chain during translation.

A

tRNA

39
Q

Which of the following membrane-enclosed organelles contains several oxidases that are involved in oxidation of fatty acids and amino acids during normal metabolism and in detoxification of chemicals like alcohol in the liver?

A

peroxisomes

40
Q

The polar portion of a cholesterol molecule, which forms hydrogen bonds with the polar heads of neighboring phospholipids and glycolipids, consists of a

A

-OH group

41
Q

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in bulk-phase endocytosis shown in the figure?

A

plasma membrane forms vesicle around extracellular droplets > vesicle formed pinches off into cytosol > fusion of lysosome and vesicle > digestion by enzymes > solutes released

42
Q

This portion of a DNA segment does not code for a protein.

A

introns

43
Q

These gene-containing structures consist of highly coiled and folded DNA along protein molecules.
There are 46 of these structures in most cells in the human body.

A

chromosomes

44
Q

The human body contains approximately _____ cells, which can be classified into about ______ different cell types.

A

100 trillion, 200

45
Q

A gene for a certain protein contains 300 nucleotides.
How many amino acids will ultimately make up the protein molecule?

A

100

anatomy and physiology I (8 decks)

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