7-Mark questions Flashcards
Case study - Bangladesh, - Causes of overpopulation
- Bangladesh = 7 largest population in world / 94th in - Land area – thus high population density (>1000 per km²)
- Few natural resources - relies on agriculture
- High birth rates since children = labour on farm
- High birth rates / Death rates have fallen – rapid population increase = natural increase
- 85% of population = Muslim, leaders don’t encourage use of contraception.
- Bangladesh = more people than resources
Case Study - Australia, Causes
Causes
- Small population size –> 21.7 million + abundant land area –> low population desnity.
- Still ample SUITABLE land to increase setllements
- High rates of emigration bc geographically remote country –> young people move to connected areas eg. Europe.
- Low birth rates + death rates –> population increase = 1.15% per year –> not growing rapidly through natural increase
Case Study - Gambia, consequences (Problems + Benefits)
Problems
- Schools in Gambia are overcrowded - children go to school in shfts - 3000 students for 26 classroom in Banjul
- Fertility rates = 5.3 children per woman –> families lack resources to provide for large family –> areas in Banjul –> overcrowded + lack of adequate sanitation.
- Population is approaching carrying capacity
- Widespread deforestation due to need for fuel –> Gambia’s forests will be eradicated in 50 years time.
Benefits
- Gambia will have large working population –> may increase oppurtunity (eg. more labour for development of business)
- Over half of Africa’s population are uner 20. –> Benefits of young people entering workforce.
Case Study - Japan, Causes
A
Causes
- Later marriages
- Increase in childless couples
- Cultural preference for 1 child
- Women pursuing careers
- Working environment - not very supportive of families (lack of flexible work times)
- More insecure employment
- Japan also has fewer people in fertile age group - less births overall
- Fertility rate fallen from 2.1 in the 1970’s to 1.36 today.
- One of the lowest birth rates in world.
Case Study - HIV/AIDS in Botswana - Reasons
Reasons
- Botswana has the 2nd highest rate of HIV infection in the world (35-38% of the population are infected)
- Only 18% of people in Botswana are married + many polygamous men –> people have multiple sexual partners
- Used to be a lot of ignorance surrounding HIV/AIDS in Botswana
- Lack of doctors/nurses
- Poverty led to some young women becomign prostitutes –> increasing spread of virus
Case Study - Mexico - USA, Push Factors
- High crime rates in Mexico, eg. murder rates = 14 per 100,000 people + drug related crimes –> in past five years, 47,500 people killed in drug related crimes.
- Unemployment and poverty major problem in Mexico
- Many work as farmers + extreme temperatures + infertile land cause difficulties –> many financially struggle –> 47% of the population live under the poverty line –> bad living standard.
- Many natural hazards in Mexico –> suffers from volcanoes, earthquakes, hurricanes and tsunamis.
Case Study - Mexico - USA, Pull Factors
- Better standard of living in USA –> Mexico 10th highest poverty –> 6% of population lack access to ‘improved’ drinking water.
- Migrant communites in Texas + California pull people towards migrating. (want to live with other Mexican’s)
- Better education oppurtunities in America, 86.1% of Mexico literate vs 99% of USA.
Case Study - Mexico - USA, Social Impacts
- Problematic assimilation of Mexicans into American communites - language barriers –> tensions between locals and migrants –> crime/violence/racism
- Introduction of Mexican culture into USA –> improves cultural diversity
- Language barrier –> led to many schools teaching spanish –> improves skill sets.
- Large factor of economically active population leaving Mexico –> worse economy + elderly dependents.
- Majority of migrants = males –> uneven gender ratio in Mexico –> decreased birth rates thus increased dependency ratio.
Case Study - Mexico - USA, Economic Impacts
- Mexicans take menial low-payign jobs that Americans refuse to take. –> improves economy –> social tension ‘migrants stealing jobs’ –> companies replacing American’s with cheaper labour
- Remittances (migrants send back money, 2nd source of income in Mexico) –> economic help in Mexico –> bad in USA (less money spent in economy)
- Less people in Mexico = pressure on land / social services / jobs fall.
- Skilled workforce leaves –> less doctors etc.
- Mexican population dependent on food growth in Mexico // majority of migrants come from rural –> food shortages.
Case Study - Brazil, Rural - Urban, Push Factors
- Pressure on land (housing difficulties)
- Standard of living low (long hours, hard work, little pay)
- People face hardship when the harvest is poor
- Natural disasters like periods of drought
- Many workers do not own the land so have no power or any reason to improve it
- Schools are crowded
- There is poor health care
- There is not much investment by the government in some areas
- Labour replaced by machines
Case Study - Brazil, Rural - Urban, Pull Factors
- Better chances of a job – jobs in cities pay more than farming
- The hope of a better quality of life with improved housing with electricity and water supply
- Better schools – only way to escape poverty
- Better healthcare
- More exciting with better access to entertainment
Case Study - China’s One Child Policy
(Basic information)
- Anti-natalist policy that stated couples could only have 1 child. (introduced 1979-2015)
- It was done to reduce births + stabilise population
- Carrot and stick approach - incentives for those who followed, eg. Cash payments, free healthcare + education for child, preferential access to jobs
- Disincentives, eg. Fines (up to 10, 20% of annual salary), Job loss, Nanny Police, Food rations. (forced abortions + sterilisations)
- Ethnic minorites allowed to have more children.
Rural families allowed to have another child if first child was a daughter.
Case Study - Gambia, Causes
- 95% of Gambians are muslims - some preists discourage using contraception
- Inequality - women don’t have a large say in family size - don’t discuss family planning (taboo)
- Contraception isn’t affordable/accessible for some
- Many farmers - more children = more labour
- Polygamy - Many men have several wives
- Fertility rate = 5.3 per woman.
Case Study - Japan, Impacts
Impacts
- Few young people being added to the population means that there will be fewer economically active people in the future –> impacts economy since not enough labour –> not enough people to tax –> reduces government funding.
- Will be a need for immigration –> but Japanses do not favour immigration + difficult for migrants to assimilate (hard language)
Case Study - Japan, Solutions
Solutions
- Reforms - increasing child benefits, providing tax allowances for families, making childcare more accessible.
- Encourage immigration (to solve labour shortages)
- Government has introduced laws like the ‘Child Care’ and ‘Family Care Leave’ –> parents can recieve…
- 8 weeks paid leave from work
- Shorter working hours
- Maximum of 24 hours overtime a month
- Economic incentive (eg. Yamatsuri offers parents $4,600 a birth + $460 a year for 10 years)
- Businesses urged to give employees time over
- Shops offer discounts to larger families
Case Study - HIV/AIDS Botswana, Issues
Issues
- Social stigma to be diagnosed with disease as people have been shunned by their communities. –> thus many people refuse to get tested –> If people don’t know they have the disease –> more likely to pass it on to others.
- Life expectancy fallen dramatically bc of high rates of infection –> life expectancy in Botswana was 58 years in 2011, having fallen from 65 in 1991.
- Most affected group is age range 15-40 –>productive sector of the population –> labour shortage bc of dying/sick people–> Thought that 1/3 of Botwana’s workforce is infected with disease.
- Children become orphans as parents pass away.
- Children get disease in-utero
Case Study - HIV/AIDS Botswana, Solutions
Solutions
- Pregnant women given antiretroviral drugs since 2002 –> 56 child deaths per 1000 in 2001 now 11.1 deaths per 1000 in 2011.
- Companies (eg. Debswana (mining company)) proivde free healthcare + access to antiretroviral durgs + contraception + classes about contraception
- Government carries out awareness campaigns on TV, radio + billboards
- Routine testing carried out + awareness campaigns to promote antiretroviral treatment
- Condoms distributed for free
Case Study - Bangladesh, Impacts
Impacts of overpopulation
- Overcrowded - people forced to live on flood risk land. Floods have cause more than 1 million deaths in past 200 years.
- 40% of population = unemployed. + low wages + short shifts –> low income –> low standard of living
- Not enough education + healthcare for large population. Only 48% of population = literate
- High infant mortality rate
Ageing Population - Impacts
Impacts
- Many elderly dependent causes government difficulities to pay for pensions + healthcare for elderly.
- Social difficulties - young have to care for old (time consuming)
- Eldery people in Japan cannot afford to reitre –> work well into 70s
- Many elderly live below poverty line (low pensions) –> increased homeless elders
- Many depressed elders –> 1/3 of Japan’s suicides are above age 65.
Ageing Population - Solutions
Solutions
- Increase birth rates (improves population balance)
- Offer less demading part time jobs for elderly population
- Increase retirement age –> still contribute to economy
- Roobotic care systems have been suggested –> to help bathe elderly (cons - can malfunction + elderly benefit from social contact)
Case Study - Australia, Impacts
Impacts
- Large reserves of natural resources (Gold, Copper, Natural gas + uranium) - not able to use all resources –> exports (earnings = $200 billion anually.)
- Strong economy + good education –> literacy rate = 99.9% + good healthcare
- Excellent living standard = could support more people.
- Despite many resources - small workforce. If larger workforece they could better exploit natural resources –> grow economy –> better standard of living.
Case Study - Norrland, Causes
- Norrland = 60% of area, 11% of population
- Population Density = 4.9 people per km²
- Skanderna found in Northern Sweden near Norwegian border (rough, tall terrain)
- Large areas of uninhabitable marshland in Norrland.
- Cities cluster by coast.
- Extremely low temperatures (snow 1 meter sometimes) + sunlight radiation –> difficult transport when snow + no agriculture.
- Soil in norrland = moraine –> unsuited for agriculture + iron sulphide in it can cause rusting in houses
- Moraine suited for pine forests.
Case Study - Svealand, Causes
- Svealand + Götaland contain 89% of Swedens population
- 94 people per km²
- Capital city Stockholm –> job oppurtunites etc.
- Soil in southern Sweden very fertile + very temperate climate –> agriculture very easy
- Many ports for trade –> cities established in history.
- Many big cities –> better living standards/ government funding/ oppurtunities –> clustering
China Case Study - Consequences
- Birth rate has fallen, parent concentrate resources on one child, 300-400 million births prevented.
- Against human rights, uneven gender ratio –> led to forced marriages, future ageing population
- Illegal abortions, Abandoned babies (typically girls)
How are cliffs formed
- Waves attack the base of the cliff and erode it through processes like hydraulic action and abrasion.
- A wave cut notch is created at the base of the cliff.
- The cliff becomes unsupported (by base) and collapses.
- Material at the base of the cliff is smoothed out through abrasion forming a wave cut platform.
How are headlands and bays formed?
- Headlands and bays form on discordant coastlines where there are layers of hard and soft rock next to the coast.
- Waves erode the different types of rock at different types of rates - soft rock erodes mroe quickly.
- Soft rock is eroded by processes like hydraulic action. It cuts backwards forming a concave shaped bay.
- The hard rock is eroded more slowly and the headland is left protruding out to sea.
How are caves, arches, stacks and stumps formed?
These landforms were headlands that have been eroded.
Headland –> caves –> arches –> stacks –> stumps
- Abrasion and Hydraulic action forms a cave.
- Erosion and waves cut through headland (cave) to form an arch which is continually widened at its base.
- The roof of the arch becomes too heavy to be supported and collapses.
- Wave cut notches undercut the stack. It collapses leavinga stump. The stump gradually disappears after time.
Beach formation
Beaches are made up from eroded material that has been transported and then deposited by the sea.
Deposition occurs when waves have limited energy, so beaches often form in sheltered areas like bays.
Constructive waves build up beaches as they have a strong swash and a weak backwash.
Sandy beaches are usually found in bays where the water is shallow, and the waves have less energy.
Pebble beaches often form where cliffs are being eroded, and where there are higher energy waves.
Beaches profile has lots of ridges called berms. They show the lines of high tides and storm tides.
A sandy beach typically has a gentle sloping profile, whereas a shingle beach can be much steeper.
The size of the material is larger at the top of the beach, due to the high-energy storm waves carrying large sediment.
The smallest material is found nearest the water as the waves break here and break down the rock through attrition.
Spit
A spit is an extended stretch of sand or shingle jutting out into the sea from the land. Spits occur when there is a change in the shape of the landscape or there is a river mouth.
- Sediment carried along the coastline by longshore drift.
- Coastline change direction but longshore drift continues in the same direction.
- Material is deposited in the sheltered water beyond the headlnd. It builds upwards and outwards forming a spit.
- Winds blow in another direction forming a hooked end on the spit.
- Salt march develops in sheltered area behind the spits.
Sand Dunes
Large heaps of sand that form on the dry backshore of a sandy beach.
For a sand dune to form it needs…
- An obstacle (eg. driftwood) for dune to form against
- Large flat beach, lare supply of sand, onshore wind to move sand to the back of the beach
- Large tidal range (time for the sand to dry)
Berm – Embryo – Fore – Yeallow – Grey –Slack – Mature
Least – Most vegetation
Dune types
Embryo - Mainly sand + some marram grass (dune forms around wood/rock/shingle)
Fore - Sand + plants (embryo dunes are stabilised by vegetation)
Yellow - Yellow sand + marram grass
Grey - Grey sand + more fiverse (soil nutrients high bc of rotting vegetation)
Slack - pond
Slumping
Area of sturated land slips downhill.
- Soft boulder clay holds rainwater and runoff.
- Waves erode the base of the cliff. Wave cut notch is formed - Clay becomes saturated, forms a slip plane.
- Weight of saturated cliff causes it to slump. Cliff collapse occurs.
Cliffs (+ How they are created)
- Most common feature on a coast, steep faces of rock and soil.
- Shaped by erosion / weathering
- On soft rock cliffs (eg. clay) cliff slumping occurs –> thus concave shaped shape.
- On hard rock cliffs, cliff collapse is more common –> thus vertical face.
- Waves erode the base of the cliff through processes such as hydraulic action.
- Wave cut notch is created at the bottom of the cliff.
- Cliff becomes unsupported and collapses.
- Material at the base of the cliff is smoothed through material being pulled back (abrasion).
Holderness (Causes of Erosion)
Made of boulder clay → soft (easily eroded)
Erosion = wave cut notch → saturated sediment + slip plane = slumping
Strong currents transport material along shore → less beaches → cliffs are exposed = faster erosion.
Northern part = chalk = headland = Flamborough head.
Holderness (Effects of cliff recession)
- 14 villages have been lost since Roman times.
- Farmers have lost property → force to migrate / diversify.
Eg. Ringborough farm lost ½ of property since 1939 → had to migrate backwards from coast + diversify → also sells bottled gas. - Hard engineering necessary by Hornsea + other places.
- Means that it speeds up erosion further down the coast.
- Bad for other settlements + Spurn Point.
- Spurn Point is home to several bird species, mostly waders –> at risk of eroding –> loss of habitat.
Holderness (Coastal management - Defenses)
- Use of groynes to trap moving beach material and provide a protective beach in front of the cliff
- The construction of sea walls and revetments as wave-resistant structures at the base of the cliffs
- Artificial off-shore breakwaters like tyres and concrete blocks, forcing waves to break off-shore.
- Sea wall used to protect Easington Gas Station (cost 4.5 million)
Holderness (Defences at Mappleton)
- 1991 rock revetment + 2 rock groynes built to encourage beach buildup. –> decreases erosion bc waves break on beach.
- However caused erosion to speed up south of Mappleton.
Tropical Storm (Formation)
- Made when thunderstorms move across tropical ocean (27C )
- Warms air above ocean → warm air rises → forms clouds + low pressure area
- Air moves into low pressure area → increase in wind speed etc etc
- Trade winds blow wind + spinning of earth causes the tropical storm to spin.
- May take hours / days to fully form
Hurricane Katrina Case Study (Impacts)
- August 2005
- Category 4 storm + storm surges above 6 metres.
- New orleans worst affected → Levees broke → flooding → evacuation order but poor stayed
- 1.2 million homeless + 1200 people died
People sought refuge in superdome stadium → unhygienic - Oil facilities damaged → petrol prices rose in UK + USA
Hurricane Katrina (Responses)
- UK sent food aid.
- National guard mobilised (maintain + restore law and order)
- $50 billion dollars by the government in aid.
U.S. Gulf Coast (Threats)
Annually approx. 10 tropical storms develop over the ocean in this area → about 6 become hurricanes. Eg. Hurricane Katrina
BP oil spill 2010 → economic consequences for fishing, tourism + oil industry. + consequences for human health. (Largest marine oil spill)
Rising sea levels = flooding risk.
U.S. Gulf Coast (Oppurtunities)
Beaches in Florida = tourism = jobs + economic growth
Commercial fishing = multi-million dollar industry in gulf of Mexico.
Oil industry → home to ⅕ of crude oil production in US + 45% of US petroleum refinement.
Port of Louisiana + Houston = very important for the economy.
