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PSYCH 1101 > Methods > Flashcards

Methods Flashcards

1
Q

scientific explanation

A

invokes principles that are fewer in number, more general and earlier in the causal chain

appeal to something simpler and more basic generates broader phenomenon

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2
Q

steps for scientific method

A
  1. hypothesis
  2. compare prediction to observation/experiment
  3. assess if it matches prediction
  4. repeat, share, refine
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3
Q

problems in scientific practice

A

vague/unfalsifiable theories
sloppy methods
improper statistical analyses
too broad conclusions
publication bias
data fraud (manipulation)
reproducibility
p-hacking

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4
Q

meaning of unfalsifiable

A

no amount of experimentation can disprove claim or find a way to explain the results

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5
Q

explain publication bias

A

failing to publish not significant results; leads to only positive results in the literature

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6
Q

3 dimensions of psychological studies

A

research design
research setting
data-collection method

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7
Q

research designs

A

observational or experiment

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8
Q

research settings

A

lab or field

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9
Q

data-collection methods

A

self-report or behavior

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10
Q

good + bad of laboratory studies

A

controlled variables, application to the real world?

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11
Q

good + bad of self-reports

A

easy to collect, inexpensive, quick
but response bias, lie, lack of insight

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12
Q

personal space invasion leads to what?

A

increased arousal, slower peeing

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13
Q

problem with urinal experiment

A

no consent (even in public space)

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14
Q

limits of observational studies

A

give correlation not causation (no direct causality)

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15
Q

when is a study experimental

A

random assignment to condition

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16
Q

good + bad of experimental studies

A

can isolate variables to determine causality
manipulate predictor variable
measure outcome
random
control vs. experiment

confounding
not everything can be manipulated through random assignment
convenience (changing diet)

17
Q

operation definition

A

defines how something is measured and used in data collection

18
Q

6 levels of analysis

A

biology (hormones, neurons),
culture
evolution (natural selection, survival)
individual development (at what age..)
individual differences
social

19
Q

how could you measure emotion

A

facial action coding system (muscle movements)
skin conductance (arousal levels)

20
Q

examples of physiological measures

A

blood pressure, heart rate

21
Q

how could you measure brain activity

A

compare to non-primates (show evolutionary)
EEG
fMRI
transcranial magnetic simulation
CAT
PET

22
Q

EEG

A

electrodes measure electrical activity in brain
+ good temporal resolution
+ non-intrusive
- poor spatial resolution

23
Q

fMRI

A

measures blood flow to areas of brain
+ spatial resolution
- poor temporal resolution, expensive, inconvenient

24
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

electromagnetic induction over scalp to disrupt neuronal activity in targeted region
+ treatment for depression
+ temporal resolution
- low spatial resolution, side-effects (headaches)

25
Q

CAT

A

noninvasive, X-ray images of brain

26
Q

PET

A

detection of positrons -> blood flow
- invasive
- poor spatial resolution

27
Q

3 developmental methods

A
  • cross-sectional: compare 3yrs to 5yrs
  • longitudinal: same 3yrs then 5 yrs
  • twin studies: identical vs. fraternal
28
Q

what is preferential looking techniques

A

study infant cognition and see what they are looking at (get bored with correct answers)

29
Q

what is triangulating the truth

A

synthesizing studies using multiple methods to try to understand the whole truth

30
Q

p-hacking

A

exploiting researcher degrees of freedom to get significant results

31
Q

examples of p-hacking

A

ending data when it seems significant or continuing when not significant
excluding certain students to make data significant

32
Q

pre-registration

A

data analysis plan to distinguish between confirmatory and exploratory analysis

33
Q

solutions to p-hacking

A

disclose (report how sample size was determined), pre-registration, replication, sharing materials/data

34
Q

underpowered study

A

studies do not collect sufficient observations to detect the effects

35
Q

If most published studies are underpowered,
how are most published studies statistically significant?

A

p-hacking

PSYCH 1101 (16 decks)

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