EXAM 3 Counseling Psychology

Question 1

Explain the concept of multimethod assessment approach and explain the advantages of this approach when conducing a psychological evaluation.

Answer 1

• one test cannot asssess someone well by itself
• it is best to use multiple methods of testing to reach convergent conclusions (high validity in psychological evaluation)

Question 2

How does cultural competence play a role in personality assessment?

Answer 2

• different cultures have their own definitions of normal or abnormal
• need to be aware of cultural biases
  *it is important to not overlypathologize!

Question 3

Differentiate between objective and projective assessments of personality
o Objective tests (what are they? Pros? Cons?)
o Projective tests (what are they? Pros? Cons?)

Answer 3

OBJECTIVE: self -reports
- standardized set of questions
- examinee responds with a fixed set of options
- Pros: economical, scoring is straightforward
- cons: too high face validity, lose important detail due to limited responses

PROJECTIVE: ambiguous stimuli
- makes judgements about motives
- examinees impose their own structure on test
- freedom of responses
-pros: low face validity, open to interpretations
- cons: hard to assess the same across time and people

Question 4

Describe the structure, purpose and characteristics of the MMPI
* Explain the empirical criterion keying method
* Therapeutic Assessment

Answer 4

MMPI: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Invetory
- true/false test designed to ID psychiatric diagnosis of individuals
- based on atheoretical keying method (where it was determined which items differed between a confirmed diagnosis and no diagnosis group– used the different items as the test)

*plots scoring on a graph to look for
- conversion V: hysteria and hypercondiasis, maybe depression
- neurotic triad: elevated depression and scales 1-3. likely secondary gain
- the disability profile: elevations in 4+ scales indicates poor coping and emotional distress

Question 5

Describe the MMPI-A and the MMPI 2RF

Answer 5

MMPI-A: used with adolescents 14-18. has similar validity scales to original MMPI

MMPI 2RF: features a validity scale for the T/F questions to ID “faking good”, “faking bad” and random responding on the test.
- most recent MMPI

Question 6

Describe the structure, purpose and characteristics of the MCMI (discussed in the book, NOT in class)

Answer 6

• Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-IV is an assessment of personality disorders and clinical syndromes in adults
• 175 true/false question structure to evaluate personality patterns
• Diagnose personality disorders, clinical syndromes, and severe pathology

Question 7

Describe the structure, purpose and characteristics of the NEO Personality inventory (not sure if we will discuss in class - it is discussed in the book)

Answer 7

• Measure personality traits based on the Big Five factors (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism)
• Consists of around 240 questions, assessing the five major personality dimensions
• Understand and describe an individual’s personality traits and tendencies
• Commonly used in research, counseling, and organizational settings for personality assessment and compatibility evaluation

Question 8

Describe the structure, purpose and characteristics of the CPI (not discussed in class, discussed in book)

Answer 8

(California Psychological Inventory)
Structure:434 multiple-choice questions
20 scales in 4 clusters
Purpose:

Assess personality traits and behaviors
Used in counseling, career guidance, and research
Characteristics:

Measures interpersonal style, self-management, motivation, and personal style
Reveals traits like dominance, sociability, empathy, and achievement
Guides therapy, career counseling, and team-building

Question 9

Describe the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), and explain how it is not a true personality test.

Answer 9

• common measure for depression screening that shows depression is a temporary state, not a personality trait
• 21 items and 5-10 minute test for a 2-week period
• paper and pencil; self-report
• lacks validity scales due to being short
• has high face validity

Question 10

Describe the structure, purpose and characteristics of the Myers-Briggs (MBTI)

Answer 10

• Classify personality types based on four dichotomies (Extraversion/Introversion, Sensing/Intuition, Thinking/Feeling, Judging/Perceiving)
• 93-question assessment categorizing individuals into 16 distinct personality types
• Identify preferences in how people perceive the world, make decisions, and interact with others
• Widely used in career counseling, team building, and self-awareness development in various settings

Question 11

Describe the structure, purpose and characteristics of the Rorschach (characteristics, administration, Exner method, reliability and validity)

Answer 11

• Assess personality and detect underlying thought disorders using inkblot interpretations.

Exner Method:
- standardized scoring system developed by John Exner
- seeks indicators of personality characteristics.
- uses 54 indices that consider location, content, determinants, and popularity of the answer that client has to gather meaning
- Reliability and Validity: Mixed opinions exist on reliability and validity due to subjective interpretation and varying scoring methods.

Question 12

Describe the structure, purpose and characteristics of the TAT

Answer 12

• Thematic Apperception Test: 31 cards with pictures with people where the test taker has to make up a story about the cards
• ID of themes among stories leads to diagnosis
• pros: open to interpretation
• cons: not empirically backed, low reliability, subjective responses

Question 13

Describe the structure, purpose and characteristics of the Sentence Completion Tests (not sure if we will discuss in class; discussed in the book)

Answer 13

• Elicit responses to incomplete sentences to reveal underlying thoughts, feelings, and attitudes.
• providing sentence stems or partial sentences, prompting individuals to complete them with their own words or thoughts.
• Insightful Responses, Adaptability, Subjectivity

Question 14

Be able to provide a brief summary of the Rorschach article and respond to the following questions:
o What tests were highlighted in the article?
o What is the primary assertion of the article you read?
o What general evidence do the authors have to back up their assertion?
o What advice would you give a clinician who wants to use the Rorschach?

Answer 14

Article:
- discussed a few problematic personality tests, like TAT, Rorschach, and draw-a-person test.
- asserted that the tests could be used but in a limited manner and should not be the only test given
- these tests lack research, normed data, standardization, and often overpathologize

Question 15

Explain behavioral assessment methods used by clinical psychologists: Naturalistic observation vs Behavioral observation

Answer 15

Naturalistic Observation:
- Involves watching individuals in their typical environments to understand their behaviors, interactions, and responses.
- Provides a realistic view of behaviors in authentic settings.
- lack scontrol over variables or specific conditions, potentially limiting interpretations.

Behavioral Observation:
- Systematic observation and recording of specific behaviors that focuses on targeted behaviors, often employing predefined criteria
- detailed and specific analysis of particular behaviors.
- structured data useful for tracking progress
- may not fully represent behaviors in real-life settings

Question 16

Explain behavioral assessment methods used by clinical psychologists: Use of technology in behavioral assessment
 Self-monitoring
 EMA

Answer 16

• EMA: ecological momentary assessment: repeated samping of a person’s current behaviors or experiences in a real time in natural environments. easy!
• self-monitoring: may be subject to lying or forgetting but still is a helpful tool in tracking behavior patters

Question 17

Explain the assumptions that underlie humanism/PCT (person-centered therapy)

Answer 17

human behavior are driven by conscious awareness and the here-and-now experience
- assumes that people want to reach self-actualization, are naturally good, nd that therapeutic relationship is good
*planted seed growing towards the light as a tree analogy, where tree may have grown off center by therapy will help realign it with its journey to self-actualization

Question 18

What ideas does the person-centered perspective (PCT/humanism) have that are counter to directive and psychoanalytic perspectives?

Answer 18

PCT emphasizes a non-directive stance– it prioritizes the individual’s self-exploration and self-discovery.
- values unconditional positive regard
- focus on creating a supportive, nonjudgmental environment.
- has the client play a role in self-discovery

psychoanalytic perspective: analyst-led, motivated y unconscious motives and humanistic necessities (hunger, sex)

Question 19

Explain the concepts of positive regard, conditions of worth, and self-actualization.

Answer 19

positive regard: the idea that we all need positivity, acceptance and value

condition of worth: people need to feel prized (deep appreciation from someone else that therapeutic relationship provides)

self-actualization: the attainment of he best, ideal self. reaching full potential

Question 20

What is the primary goal in PCT. According to PCT, what leads to change in a client?

Answer 20

to foster self-actualization
- therapist’s role is to create a climate where client can resume natural growth towards self-actualization

Question 21

What does it mean when a client is experiencing incongruence?

Answer 21

mismatching of real and idea self in the journey towards self-actualization

Question 22

Name and explain the characteristics make up the growth-promoting climate. Explain PCT’s view of these characteristics as attitudes rather than behaviors.

Answer 22

• empathy: in the client’s shoes
• unconditional positive regard (UPR): pricing the client no matter what
• genuineness: authenticity, not playing a role

*these characteristics of PCT are attitudes since they are qualities of the therapy that the therapist creates, not behaviors that the therapist does.

Question 23

Using examples, explain how Carl Rogers exemplified the growth-promoting climate in his session with Gloria.

Answer 23

• Rogers would not tell Gloria what to do about her situation (genuineness)
• Rodgers did not judge her for her sexual drives (unconditional positive regard)
• Rodgers took time to think about what she was saying to be able to reflect it well, back to her (empathy)

Question 24

What role does reflective listening have in PCT?

Answer 24

• reflective listening not parroting and avoiding questions
• large role in PCT, since the therapist should not assume the client’s reality, they need to have their interpretation confirmed or denied

Question 25

What is the goal of reflective listening?

Answer 25

goal: give a sense of empathy towards the client
- while the therapist acquires an understanding without questions
- by restating aspects of what the client said so the client can help themselves towards their personal self-actualization

Question 26

Describe the “listening process” with respect to reflective listening. Explain why reflective listening can be useful in the therapeutic process.

Answer 26

listening process: client thinks something and says what they’re thinking. listener hears client and tries to interpret what the client is thinking
- stating the hypothesis of what the client may be thinking will lead to comprehension of the problem by denial or support from client

Question 27

Describe and be able to give examples of the types of reflective statements discussed in class.

Answer 27

• simple reflection: stays close to the original wording of client
• paraphrase: moves beyond original working of client and presents info in a new light
• amplified reflection: overstates what the client has said to let them back off or support
• double-sided reflection: addresses both sides of the argument
• affective reflection: addresses emotion either expressed or implied

Question 28

Discuss the therapeutic applications of motivational interviewing. (BOOK)

Answer 28

• Emphasizes collaboration over confrontation
• Strengthens internal drive for change.
• Prioritizes empathy and ambivalence exploration.
• Tailors goals to client values and pace. (Person-Centered Goals)
• Respects gradual change, and avoids imposition.

Question 29

Contrast the focus of positive psychology interventions with the focus of most other current forms of psychotherapy (BOOK)

Answer 29

Positive Psychology vs. Traditional Psychotherapy:
- Emphasizes strengths and well-being, not just deficits.
- Focuses on thriving, not just treating illness.
- Cultivates positivity and resilience, not just addressing negatives.

Question 30

Describe the findings of humanistic psychotherapy outcome research.

Answer 30

• research has decreased recently
• meta-analysis of PCT suggest that it is as beneficial as other therapy methods due to the 3 central core beliefs

Question 31

Explain Freud’s concepts of id, ego, and super ego

Answer 31

• Id (unconsious desires win, uncontrolled, primitive, avoid pain)
• superego (morals, “shoulds”, based on moral lessons)
• Ego (moderates Id and Superego in balance)

Question 32

Explain Freud’s concepts of unconscious, preconscious, conscious

Answer 32

• Unconscious: repressed desires, memories, and thoughts influencing behavior without awareness.
• Preconscious: Holds accessible but not currently conscious thoughts and memories that can be retrieved with ease.
• Conscious: Involves current awareness and thoughts accessible to immediate attention and perception.
  *iceberg analogy

Question 33

According to Freud, how is human behavior determined?

Answer 33

• irrational forces
• unconscious motivations
• biological/intrinsic drives (hunger, sex, violence)

Question 34

What is the primary goal of psychodynamic psychotherapy?

Answer 34

• refers broadly to Sigmund Freud’s approach to therapy
• the goal is to make the unconscious part of the conscious
• to gain insight into thoughts and feelings that we are not aware of

Question 35

Explain the purpose of a defense mechanism and what they are.

Answer 35

defense mechanisms: created by the ego, as an attempt to handle conflict between id and superego
- helps ego balance

Question 36

Describe and give examples of each of the following defense mechanisms
o Repression
o Projection
o Reaction formation
o Displacement
o Sublimation

Answer 36

• repression: keep impulses in unconsious
• projection: attribute impulse to others
• reaction formation: do the opposite for impulse
• displacement: redirect impulse to something else
• sublimation: redirect impulse in a way that benefits others (murder becomes a surgeon)

Question 37

Describe therapy goals from a psychoanalytic perspective.

Answer 37

• help client reach free association : say whatever comes to mind, even insulting and nonsensical ideas
• allow the unconscious to be expressed (may be through Freudian slips, dreams, resistance to therapy)

Question 38

Describe the role of transference in the psychoanalytic perspective

Answer 38

• transference: client unconsciously/ unrealistically expects the therapist to behave like important people from the client’s past
• interpretation of the transference is done by the therapist
• countertransference: when the therapist transfers onto the client to give the therapist an idea of how other people interact with the client

Question 39

psychodynamic= psychoanalytic therapy= Neo-Freudian therapy

Answer 39

refers broadly to Freudian therapy

Question 40

Describe the following techniques
o Free association
o Dream analysis

Answer 40

• free association : say whatever comes to mind, even insulting and nonsensical ideas
• dream analysis: dreams show unconscious feelings or ideas that are being repressed

Question 41

Describe Freud’s psychosexual stages and their clinical implications

Answer 41

3 stages that lead to adults/kids behaving in the way they do based on parenting.

• oral stage: birth to 1.5 years old (focused on the mouth)
  under indulgence: distrustful and pessimistic of others
  overindulgence: naive and overly testing
• anal stage: 1.5-3 years old (key issue is control)
  overly demanding parents: leads to control freaks and obessiveness of child
  overly lenient parents: child lax about organization and “slobs”
• phallic stage: 3-6 years old. ( focused on self worth)
  too positive parents: arrogant child
  too negative parents: insecure, self-doubting child

Question 42

Describe the trends in more modern psychodynamic therapy

Answer 42

• significant diversity
• 1-2 week brief meetings (shorter)
• no couch to lay on in therapy
• Freudian flavored with less rigid techniques
  -therapists more active in treatments and less neutral
• borrows techniques from other therapies

Question 43

Describe the process of Interpersonal Psychotherapy
o Characteristics
o Applications

Answer 43

• a modern type of psychodynamic therapy/ Freudian therapy is IPT
• IPT is brief, insight-oriented, and is often applied to depression
• focuses on the onset of symptoms and current interpersonal problems
• assumes that depression affects our relationships in a negative way which leads to more depression (IP= interpersonal relationships problems, so target improvement here)

Question 44

describe the Role of therapist in IPT and
o Focuses of treatment
o Phases of treatment (first, second, third)

Answer 44

• the therapist is an active, non-neutral, supportive player in the therapeutic relationship. their goal is to highlight options that might bring about positive change for the client

1st phase: (1-3 sessions) evaluate the client and history, educate client about depression (given limited sick role), and form an interpersonal inventory (assessment of client’s relationships)
also, link the client’s symptoms to an interpersonal difficulty (grief, role transition, interpersonal deficits, interpersonal disputes)

2nd phase: use specific strategies to help improve the client. Pursue goals

3rd phase: reinforce progress and give the mastery of techniques to the client. do relapse prevention and maybe schedule a follow-up appointment.

Question 45

Describe the process of Time Limited Dynamic Psychotherapy (BOOK)

Answer 45

• TLDP focuses on understanding and changing recurring patterns in relationships and behaviors.
• involves building a strong therapeutic alliance between client and therapist.
• ID patterns and exploring emotions
• actively works to shift these patterns toward healthier outcomes within a fixed number of sessions

Question 46

Summarize the findings of psychodynamic psychotherapy outcome research (BOOK)

Answer 46

• Research suggests that psychodynamic psychotherapy is effective in alleviating symptoms and improving overall well-being.
• Long-term benefits have been observed
• effectiveness across various mental health conditions

Question 47

Be able to briefly describe the IPT article we read, focusing on Sam’s experience in IPT.

Answer 47

The IPT article about Sam:
- sam had depression and lashed out at his teammates and was very angry after a breakup. this was abnormal for him
phase 1:
- his physician suggested him to a counselor who assessed sam’s depression
- built a closeness circle to see sam’s interpersonal connections
- therapist talked to sam, his parents, his school counselor, and his doctor to determine the factor affecting sam was role transition
- gave Sam limited sick role
phase 2:
- treatment of Sam, shows him how to cope with feelings, and communicate as an adult. through roleplaying
phase 3:
- fine-tune sam’s skills and set up a check-up appointment. discuss relapse prevention (sam looks for self-isolation and increased anger)

Question 48

Discuss the origins of behavior therapy. Explain the goal of behavior therapy.

Answer 48

• behavior therapy was the result of psychodynamic therapy being too primitive and humanistic therapy being too focused on the individual’s thoughts
• BT’s goal is to help with behavioral problems through observable behavior change.
• BT does not take into account emotions

Question 49

Differentiate between classical and operant conditioning and be able to generate examples of each using correct behavioral terminology.

Answer 49

Classical: unconditioned stimulus (UCS- food) leads to an unconditioned response (salivation) of pavlov’s dogs. pairing them via a neutral stimulus (NS-bell) leads to the conditioned stimulus (CS- bell) having a conditioned response (CR- salivation) without food
- anxiety is often classically conditioned

Operant: the organism “operates” on the environment and learned a behavior due to the consequences of the behavior
- “if… then” statements— if i complain, then I get out of a chore

Question 50

Describe behavior therapy techniques based on classical conditioning.
o Exposure

Answer 50

exposure therapy:
- gradually weakening the fear association by repeatedly exposing the client to the feared thing
- in vivo or imaginal
- limits avoidance of the client
- effective treatment for anxiety

*Avoiding the fear makes the association stronger= not helpful!

Question 51

Describe behavior therapy techniques based on classical conditioning.
o Systematic desensitization

Answer 51

Systematic desensitization:
- a type of exposure therapy
- development of a stimulus hierarchy (activities range from not too anxiety producing to very anxiety producing)
- key is to move up the stimulus hierarchy when the client is relaxed so that countertransference occurs when relaxation replaces anxiety response

Question 52

Describe behavior therapy techniques based on classical conditioning.
o Assertiveness training (BOOK)

Answer 52

• Assertiveness training, is a behavior therapy technique focused on modifying behaviors by reinforcing assertive responses through conditioning.
• Individuals learn to express themselves confidently and appropriately through repeated practice and positive reinforcement.
• Techniques involve role-playing scenarios, teaching communication skills, and using reinforcement to strengthen assertive behaviors.

Question 53

Distinguish among positive/negative reinforcement, positive/negative punishment, extinction

Answer 53

positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement INCREASE target behavior

extinction DECREASES target behavior

positive and negative punishment DECREASE target behavior

Question 54

Describe behavior therapy techniques based on operant conditioning.
o Contingency management
o Extinction
o Token economies (BOOK)

Answer 54

• Contingency management, an operant conditioning-based technique, reinforces desired behaviors through rewards or consequences.
• Extinction involves removing reinforcement for a behavior, leading to its eventual decline.
• Token economies utilize tokens as rewards for positive behaviors, which can be exchanged for desired items or privileges.

Question 55

Describe behavior therapy techniques based on operant conditioning.
o Shaping (BOOK)
o Behavioral Activation
o Observational learning (BOOK)

Answer 55

• Shaping guides behavior toward a target through successive approximations, rewarding steps closer to the desired behavior.
• Behavioral Activation encourages engagement in positive activities to counteract negative behaviors or emotions.
• Observational learning, rooted in operant conditioning, involves learning behaviors by observing and imitating others’ actions.

Question 56

Summarize the findings of behavior therapy outcome research.

Answer 56

• lots of empirical research supports BT as healing anxiety, depression, and chidlren’s behavior disorders
• may be the most empirically tested form of therapy

Question 57

Describe the goal of cognitive psychotherapy (CBT). Contrast the cognitive therapy approach with other major therapy approaches

Answer 57

• goal of CBT: combine cognitive and behavioral methods to help clients..
  understand problems, see patterns of irrational thought, evaluate behavior based on more rational thinking
• combines traditional behavioral therapy and the concern that it misses the impact of thoughts and belief= CBT

Question 58

REBT
o What do clients learn as part of REBT?
o Explain Albert Ellis’ ABCDEF
o Explain Irrational ideas from an REBT perspective
 Provide examples of irrational thoughts
o Describe REBT techniques, including shame attacking exercises

Answer 58

• Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy: Clients learn to identify and challenge irrational beliefs.
• Albert Ellis’ ABCDEF model: A - Activating event, B - Beliefs, C - Consequences, D - Disputing irrational beliefs, E - Effect, F - New feelings and behaviors.
• Irrational ideas: Absolute demands, awfulizing, low frustration tolerance, and self-downing.
• Examples: “I must always succeed,” “Everything must be perfect,” “I can’t stand criticism,” “I’m worthless if I’m not the best.”
• REBT techniques: Rational disputing, cognitive restructuring, behavioral experiments.
• Shame attacking exercises involve intentionally exposing oneself to embarrassing situations to diminish the fear of shame or humiliation.

Question 59

Beck’s CBT
o What is the relationship between client and therapist?
o Explain the 3 mechanisms depression is rooted in, according to Beck

Answer 59

• collaborative therapist-client relationship, no power dynamic
• short term treatment
• initially designed to treat depression
• 3 mechanisms depression are rooted in
  1. negative self-schemas: negative thought patterns
  2. the cognitive triad: negative view of self, world, and the future
  3. cognitive distortions: misinterpretations of reality that are harmful

Question 60

Beck’s CBT
o What is the role of hypothesis testing?
o What is the role of homework?
o What is a schema and what is its role?
 What is a self-schema?
 Explain the themes schemas typically have in depression

Answer 60

• hypothesis testing: a tool for testing if the thoughts we have are true by evaluating them
• homework in CBT provides the client the opportunity to try the tools like keeping a dysfunctional thought record to ID patterns of thoughts that could be improved upon
• schema: cognitive patters that impact how we interpret situations; like a filter
• self-schema: how we interpret ourself in relation to the world
• depressed schema: negative view of the world, negative view of self, negative view of the future

Question 61

Beck’s CBT
o What are automatic thoughts and what is their role?
o Explain how schemas and automatic thoughts can lead to feelings
o Techniques in CBT, both cognitive and behavioral

Answer 61

• automatic thoughts: quick, judgmental thoughts that occur based on evaluations. may not be aware of them; like biases
• schemas and automatic thoughts lead to feelings because we typically don’t verify the thoughts and just believe it– changing our mood
• 3 goals/techniques of CBT:
  1. ID of thoughts
  2. examine and find faulty thoughts
  3. modification of thoughts

Question 62

Beck’s CBT
o Explain Beck’s cognitive errors
 Arbitrary reference
 Selective abstraction
 Overgeneralization
 Catastrophizing
 Personalizing
 Black and White thinking

Answer 62

Cognitive error: mental distortion of reality
 Arbitrary reference: negative conclusion made without sufficient evidence
 Selective abstraction: mental filter to focus on negative details only
 Overgeneralization: making sweeping conclusions based on one incident
 Catastrophizing: exaggerating the importance of a minor setback
 Personalizing: assuming everything is related to you/ because of you
 Black and White thinking: seeing things in extreme terms

Question 63

Beck’s CBT
o What is a dysfunctional thought record? What is its purpose and how is it used?
o What is behavioral activation? What role does it play in CBT for depression?
o What is activity scheduling? What role does it plan in CBT for depression?

Answer 63

• dysfunctional thought record: chart that can be filled out about an event that someone is mulling over. includes columns that help the individual to analyze the accuracy of their thoughts about the situation.
• behavioral activation: instead of withdrawing like someone would naturally do with depression, have them do something to feel better instead of waiting to feel better: go for a walk and rate mood before and after
• activity scheduling: planning activities that are pleasureful and provide a sense of mastery– as these will help with feeling better

Question 64

Discuss the use of third-wave therapies in psychotherapy practice (BOOK)

Answer 64

• Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT): Focuses on accepting negative thoughts and feelings, promoting mindfulness, and aligning behaviors with personal values.
• Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT): Emphasizes acceptance of self, regulating emotions, improving relationships, and developing distress tolerance skills.
• Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT): Integrates mindfulness practices with cognitive therapy to prevent relapse in depression and manage emotions.
• Compassion-Focused Therapy (CFT): Cultivates self-compassion, understanding, and acceptance, especially for individuals dealing with shame or self-criticism.
• Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT): Targets unresolved emotional experiences and aims to transform emotional states, enhancing emotional intelligence and processing.

Question 65

Summarize the findings of cognitive and third-wave outcome research

Answer 65

• Cognitive Therapy: Effective for depression, anxiety, PTSD; comparable to medication; helps prevent relapse.
• Third-Wave Therapies (ACT, DBT, MBCT): Promising for chronic pain, personality disorders, depression relapse; focus on acceptance, mindfulness, behavioral change.
• Benefits: Improve emotional regulation, reduce symptoms, enhance well-being.
  Integration Potential: Combining cognitive and third-wave methods for comprehensive treatment.
• Ongoing Research: Comparing effectiveness, long-term benefits, refining approaches for mental health.

Question 66

Discuss the role of social mishap exposure in the treatment of social anxiety disorder

Answer 66

• social mishap exposure: intentionally confronting feared social situations or perceived mishaps in a therapeutic setting.
• Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD): exposure to feared social scenarios allows for desensitization and habituation to anxiety triggers. challenge irrational beliefs abut social mishaps