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Patient Care > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Conversions

A

1 ml= 1 cc
1 oz= 30 ml
1 cup= 8 oz
1 pint = 2 cups = 16 oz

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2
Q

Which vitamins are considered fat soluble?

A

Vitamin A, D, E, K

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3
Q

What are the normal ranges for an adult’s oral temperature, radial pulse, respirations, and blood pressure?

A

Temp= 97.6-99.6 F
Radial Pulse= 60-100bpm
Respirations= 12-20 breaths/minute
Blood pressure= 120/80

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4
Q

What are the terms for a pulse above 100 and below 60?

A

Tachycardia= above 100
Brachycardia= below 60

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5
Q

What are the terms for respirations over 20 and under 12?

A

Tachypnea= above 20
Brachypnea= below 60

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6
Q

What is the term for normal and abnormal respirations?

A

Eupnea= Normal breaths
Dyspnea= Abnormal breathing

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7
Q

What are the bed positions are their angle?

A

Semi-Fowler’s= 30
Fowler’s= 45
High-Fowler’s= 60 (dyspnea)
Full Fowlers= 90

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8
Q

What is Trendelenburg position & Reverse Trendelenburg Position?
When is this used?

A

-Foot of the mattress raised higher then head.
-Reverse is when head higher then feel but still straight
-Used for patients who have gone into shock & have low BP to encourage blood flow to heart.

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9
Q

Durable Power of Attorney

A

Type of advanced directive that transfers medical decision making responsibility to another person.

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10
Q

Signs of Elder Abuse

A

Weight loss
Poor personal hygiene
Dirty clothing
Fear of caregiver
Unexplained injury

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11
Q

Which document protects a patient’s rights while in the hospital?

A

Patient Care Partnership

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12
Q

Subacute Care Unit

A

Patients who still need some care but not round the clock hospital care (EX: PT, IV assistance, Respiratory Care, or Wound care)

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13
Q

OBRA Act of 1987

A

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act- long-term investigation into long-term care facilities due to complaints of neglect & abuse. –> Resulted in required set of standards of care and training of nursing assistants.

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14
Q

DHHS

A

US Dept of Health & Human Services- primary government agency responsible for nation’s health (all other agencies under this umbrella)

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15
Q

NIH
AHRQ

A

National Institute of Health- supports research projects for diseases.
Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality- supports research on healthcare quality & cost of care

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16
Q

FDA, CDC, CMS

A

Food & Drug Admin- ensures safety & effectiveness of drugs, food, etc.
Center for Disease Control- provides stats about diseases, etc.
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services

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17
Q

Joint Commission

A

independent organization that accredits those that meet standards (voluntary)

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18
Q

OSHA

A

Occupational Safety & Health Administration- protects health & safety of workers

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19
Q

MDS

A

Minimum Data Set- report that focuses on degree of assistance or skilled care a resident needs
- MUST be completed by long-term care facilities to submit for Medicare reimbursement

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20
Q

DRGs

A

Diagnosis-Related Groups- payment for hospitalization, surgery, etc, is specified according to diagnosis
- implemented by Medicare to control ever-increasing cost of healthcare
- DRAWBACK= patients discharged sooner & sicker which creates more need for extended care & home health

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21
Q

Types of Advanced Directives

A

Durable Power of Attorney (decisions regarding medical care) & Living Will (decisions regarding life saving efforts)

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22
Q

2 Categories of Civil Law Violations

A

Unintentional & Intentional Tort
Tort= wrong that occurs from violation of civil law

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23
Q

Unintentional Tort

A

Negligence & Malpractice (only committed by person that holds a license to practice medicine, not nursing assistants)

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24
Q

Intentional Tort (LABDIFF)

A

Larceny- theft
Assault- spoken threat
Battery- touch
Defamation- lies
Invasion of Privacy
Fraud- deception
False Imprisonment- confinement

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25
Q

2 Types of Defamation

A

Slander- spoken
Libel= written

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26
Q

Criminal Law Violations- Types of Abuse

A

Physical
Psychological
Financial
Neglect/Abandonment
Sexual

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27
Q

Factors that put elderly patients at risk of abuse

A

1) Multiple health conditions
2) Inability to defend oneself
3) “Difficult” behavior
4) Caregiver’s perception of person
5) Social isolation
6) Reluctance to report

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28
Q

Ethic vs. Value

A

Ethic- moral standard that governs conduct
Value- personal cherished belief or principle

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29
Q

6 Ethics

A

1) Beneficence- do good
2) Nonmaleficence- avoid harm
3) Justice
4) Fidelity- act with integrity
5) Autonomy- respect
6) Confidentiatliy

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30
Q

4 Categories of Microbes

A

1) Bacteria
2) Fungi
3) Parasites
4) VIruses

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31
Q

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic

A

-Aerobic- bacteria that need oxygen to live.
-Anaerobic- bacteria that die if oxygen present

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32
Q

Common Illnesses caused by Bacteria

A

Strep Throat
Tuberculosis (TB)
Types of Pneumonia
Diseases from ticks & fleas
Infections of the bladder, skin, reproductive systems, & urinary systems.

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33
Q

Characteristics of Viruses

A
  • smallest of all microbes
  • only seen with electron microscope
  • not complete cells (like bacteria), just bundles of proteins
  • can’t reproduce on their own, must take over a host cell to duplicate
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34
Q

Viral Infections/Diseases

A

AIDS (caused by HIV)
Common cold
Chicken pox
Fever blisters
Hepatitis

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35
Q

Prion

A

Smaller protein partical (virus) that can cause Mad Cow Disease

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36
Q

Characteristics of Fungi

A
  • plant-like organisms that have similar characteristics
    -not all are microscopic (mushrooms)
    -microscopic examples= yeast & molds
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37
Q

Fungi Infections/Diseases

A

Athlete’s foot
Ringworm
Thrush (infection in mouth)
Yeast Infection

38
Q

Characteristics of Parasites

A

-live in or on a host to survive
- transferred through physical contact (Scabies or Lice), feces, blood, water, or insects

39
Q

Helminths

A

-Parasites transferred through feces or blood.
- Pinworms, roundworms, or tapeworms

40
Q

Protozoa

A
  • parasite that is “animal-like” because they take food.
    -Malaria- transferred by mosquitos
  • Amebic Dysentery- type of diarrhea cause by drinking water with Protozoa
41
Q

Nonspecific Immune System Defense Mechanisms

A

-skin without cuts, etc.
- good oral hygiene
- drinking plenty of fluids
- stomach acid functions
- tear functions
- coughing
- sneezing

42
Q

Specific Defense Mechanisms

A

1) Antibodies- developed by microbe exposure (EX: chicken pox vaccine give small microbes intentionally to build antibodies)
2) Antibiotics- drug that kills bacteria (Penicillin was first)

43
Q

MDRO

A

Multi drug-resistant organisms- bacteria resistant to one or more classes of antibiotics that may have previously been effective against them.
EX: MRSA & VRE

44
Q

C.Diff

A

bacteria that grows rapidly when an antibiotic destroys bacteria that keeps us healthy.

45
Q

Chain of Infection (PRPMPS)

A

1) Pathogen
2) Reservoir
3) Port of Exit
4) Method of Transmission
5) Portal of Entry
6) Susceptible Host

46
Q

Fomite & Vector

A

Fomite- contaminated non-living object
Vector- infected living creature (mosquito)

47
Q

Nosocomial Infection

A

aka Health care-associated Infections (HAIs)- Infections acquired during process of receiving health care.
-Most commonly transmitted via tough

48
Q

Types of Medical Asepsis

A

1) Sanitization- soap & water
2) Antisepsis- rubbing alcohol or iodine
3) Disinfection- disinfectants that can’t be used on skin
4) Sterilization- most thorough method used for surgical instruments, hypodermic needles, & IV catheters.

49
Q

3 Transmission-based Precautions

A

Airborne
Droplet
Contact

50
Q

Diseases transmitted by Airborne Transmission (4)

A

TB
Chicken Pox
Measles
Sars

51
Q

Diseases transmitted by Droplet Transmission (10, DEIMMPRSSW)

A

Diphtheria
Epiglottis
Influenza
Meningitis
Mumps
Pneumonia
Rubella
Scarlet Fever
Strep Throat
Whooping cough

52
Q

Diseases transmitted by Contact Transmission (10, DEIMMPRSSW)

A

Abscess
Bronchiolities (by RSV)
C-Diff
Cutaneous Herpes
Diarrhea
Diphtheria
Hepatitis A
Norovirus
Rotavirus
Staph & Strep
Lice/Scabies
Zoster (Shingles)
Varicella (Chicken Pox)

53
Q

Hepatitis A (HAV)

A

-NOT bloodborne pathogen
- transmitted via oral-fecal route

54
Q

Hepatitis B (HBV)
- 4 Facts

A
  • Bloodborne pathogen
    -transmitted via blood, semen, or vaginal secretions (sex or birth)
  • causes acute illness but some never develop symptoms (carriers)
  • CAN LIVE ON DRY SURFACE FOR UP TO 7 DAYS!
55
Q

Hepatitis C (HCV)

A

-Bloodborne pathogen
- 85% develop chronic disease
- 20% develop cirrhosis, liver failure, or liver cancer

56
Q

Hepatitis D (HDV)

A
  • Bloodborne pathogen
  • only found in people already infected with HBV
  • Uncommon in the U.S.
  • NO VACCINE
57
Q

Hepatitis E (HEV)

A
  • NOT bloodborne (like HAV)
  • NO VACCINE (like HDV)
  • Most common in countries with poor sanitation controls
58
Q

HIV & AIDS

A
  • Bloodborne pathogen
  • HIV causes AIDS
  • Invades T cells (Leukocytes aka WBCs)
  • Don’t die from AIDS, die from infections
  • HIV CAN LIVE UP TO 24 HOURS on dry surface!
59
Q

TB

A
  • infection caused by bacterium that attacks lungs or kidneys or bones
  • Airbourne pathogen (spread by coughing or sneezing)
  • Could be infected for years before showing symptoms
  • Treated for a long period of time with many different antibiotics
60
Q

Accident vs. Incident

A
  • Accident- unexpected, unintended event
  • Incident- unusual, undesired, out of the ordinary occurrence
  • ## ALL ACCIDENTS= INCIDENT (not all incidents are accidents)
61
Q

Types of Paralysis

A
  • Paraplegia- waist down
  • Tetraplegia (Quadriplegia)- neck down
  • Hemiplegia- on side of the body caused by stroke
62
Q

Dorsal Recumbent Position

A

aka Supine Position- laying flat facing upward

63
Q

Lateral Position

A
  • Laying on side with pillow under head, between legs, and under arm for alignment
  • Most common for people with back pain
64
Q

Sim’s Position

A

Extreme side-laying position (almost prone) with arm behind back down on mattress)

65
Q

Shearing vs. Friction

A
  • Shearing- pulling a person across a sheet or resistance offering surface
    -Friction- when two surfaces rub against each other
66
Q

What is a Bed Cradle?

A

Metal frame between bottom & top sheets to keep the linen away from the person’s feet

67
Q

What is a Footboard?

A

Padded board placed against upright foot in the bed to keep a person’s feet flat to help proper body alignment.

68
Q

Order to DON PPE (5, HGMGG)

A

Hand Hygiene
Gown
Mask
Goggles
Gloves

69
Q

Order to DOFF PPE (5, GGGMH)

A

Gloves
Goggles
Gown
Mask
Hand Hygiene

70
Q

Delirium vs. Dementia

A

Delirium is a temporary state of confusion & Dementia is a permanent progressive brain disease

71
Q

4 Most Common causes of Dementia

A

1) Alzheimer’s
2) Vascular Dementia
3) Lewy Body Dementia
4) Frontotemporal Dementia

72
Q

4 A’s of Dementia

A
  • Experienced by all patients
    1) Amnesia- memory (only short term affected in early stage)
    2) Aphasia- language (middle stage)
    3) Agnosia- recognition through 5 senses
    4) Apraxia- coordinating steps needed to complete a task
73
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A
  • Most common cause of Dementia, 60% of cases in U.S.
  • Usually over 65, age & family history risk factors
  • Plaques & Tangles- termed by Alois Alzheimer in 1906 during brain autopsy of patient that showed abnormal protein deposits in areas involving memory function
74
Q

Vascular Dementia

A
  • Loss of mental function due to brain areas not receiving adequate oxygen & nutrients
  • Caused by damage to blood vessels that supply the brain
  • More common in men
  • Symptoms are sudden & varying
  • Irreversible & Incurable
75
Q

Lew Body Dementia

A
  • Caused by build-up of abnormal protein deposits (Lewy bodies) in brain regions responsible for thinking & movement.
  • Dementia, problems controlling body movements (similar to Parkinson’s), visual hallucinations, & distinct changes in mental alertness.
76
Q

Frontotemporal Dementia

A
  • Damage to frontal & temporal lobes
  • Younger age & memory spared until later
  • Extreme changes in personality & behavior
  • May say or do socially inappropriate things & show lack of care & motivation
77
Q

Validation Therapy

A

Used in patients with long-term memory loss and stresses important of acknowledging the person’s reality.

78
Q

Reality Orientation

A

-Technique used years ago to bring Dementia patients back to the “hear and now” but showed ineffective, damaging, & distressful
- Useful in people with Delirium

79
Q

Preservation & Sundowning

A
  • Repetitive actions (sign of boredom)
  • Worsening behavior in late afternoon & evening when sun goes down. Potentially caused by fatigue.
80
Q

Sleep Cycles

A
  • 4 stages of NREM sleep then 1 period of REM
  • 4-5 sleep Cycles per night
81
Q

Ultrasound Therapy

A
  • PT involving ultrasound device to transmit SOUND WAVES to muscles tissue & blood vessels.
  • Causes tissue to relax & blood circulation to increase, reducing muscle tightness & spasms
82
Q

TENS

A
  • PT involving ELECTRICAL impulse device to transmit ELECTRODES to surface of skin
  • Helps block pain signals to body
83
Q

4 Questions to Assess Pain

A

1) Location
2) Characteristic
3) Intensity
4) Circumstances surrounding pain

84
Q

Wong Baker Pain Scale

A

0= No Pain
1-2= Mild
3-4= Discomforting
5-6= Distressing
7-8= Horrible
9-10= Excruciating

85
Q

Gingivitis vs. Periodontitis

A
  • Inflammation of gums
  • Infection & inflammation of soft tissue & bones that support teeth
86
Q

Tinea Pedis vs. Tinea Capitis

A
  • Fungal infection of skin & nails aka “Athlete’s Foot”
  • Fungal infection of the scalp causing itching & flaking
87
Q

Seborrheic Dermatitis
Alopecia
Pediculosis Capitis

A
  • Cradle Cap
  • Baldness
  • Head Lice
88
Q

What temperature should water be for Perineal care vs. Bath tub?

A

Bath= 105 F
Perineal= 110-115 F

89
Q

How to record ice chips during Intake

A
  • Ice chips melt to half their volume
  • EX: 8oz ice chips recorded as 4oz fluid
90
Q

What is NOT recorded as fluids?

A

Pudding & Yogurt

Patient Care (2 decks)

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