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Haematology > Erythropoiesis and Anaemia > Flashcards

Erythropoiesis and Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main components of blood and what are their constituents?

A

1) Plasma (~55%)
- Abs
- Clotting factors
- Nutrients, electrolytes, hormones

2) Buffy Coat (<1%)
- Platelets
- Leukocytes

3) Haematocrit (~45%for M/42% for F)
- Erythrocytes

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2
Q

What are 3 components of blood plasma?

A

1) Abs
2) Clotting Factors
3) Nutrients
4) Electrolytes
5) Hormones

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3
Q

What are the components of the buffy coat?

A

1) Leukocytes
2) Platelets

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4
Q

What are the components of the haematocrit?

A

Erythrocytes

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5
Q

Rank the components of blood in order of their relative % composition?

A

1) Buffy coat (<1%)
2) Haematocrit (~42-45%)
3) Plasma (~55%)

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6
Q

Where does haematopoiesis primarily occur in an embryo?

A

Liver and Spleen

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7
Q

Where does haematopoiesis primarily occur in a neonate/child?

A

Bone marrow in large bones (eg. tibias, femurs)

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8
Q

Where does haematopoiesis primarily occur in a healthy adult?

A

Bone marrow in core and trunk (eg. ribs, sternum, vertebrae)

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9
Q

What are the organs involved in medullary haematopoiesis?

A

Bones with bone marrow

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10
Q

What are the organs involved in extra-medullary haematopoeisis?

A

Spleen and Liver

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11
Q

When would an adult have a significant extra-medullary haematopoeiesis?

A

Bone marrow dysfunction
Chronic/excessive bleeding
Chronic/excessive haemolysis

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12
Q

What is the common progenitor cell of platelets and erythrocytes?

A

Megakaryocyte-Erythroid Progenitor Cell
(From Myeloid Progenitor Cell)

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13
Q

A decrease in RBC would lead to an ___ in platelets.

A

Increase
(provided the issue isn’t above the lineage of Megakaryocyte-Erythroid Progenitor Cell)

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14
Q

What would be the gross anatomical presentation of extra-medullary haematopoeisis?

A

Hepatosplenomegaly

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15
Q

Where are mature RBCs physiologically destroyed?

A

Spleen

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16
Q

How long does an average RBC spend in circulation?

A

120 days

17
Q

What is the order of cells in medullary haematopoiesis?

A

1) Myeloid Stem Cell
2) Proerythroblast
3) Erythroblast
4) Reticulocyte
5) Mature RBC

18
Q

Myeloid Stem Cells ____ & _____ into Proerythroblasts via stimulation from _______.

A

Proliferate & Differentiate
via stimulation from erythropoietin

19
Q

What stimulates the production of proerythroblasts?

A

Erythropoietin from the Kidney

20
Q

What essential materials required for the formation of Erythroblasts from Proerythroblasts?

A

Folate and Vitamin B12

21
Q

Why does Folate or Vitamin B12 deficiency lead to Megaloblastic anaemia?

A

The production of Erythroblasts from Proerythroblasts involves further division of cells. Without folate or vitamin B12, cellular contents would increase/replicate but DNA would not, leading to abnormally large cells unable to undergo cell division.

22
Q

What the most essential component of reticulocyte formation from erythroblasts?

A

Fe

23
Q

What are 3 major processes that occur during reticulocyte formation?

A

1) Filled with Haemoglobin
2) Nucleus reabsorbed/extruded
3) Organelles are broken down into remnants (eg. ER remnants)

24
Q

What is process of reticulocytes in the bone marrow entering circulation?

A

Diapedesis
- Flexible membrane of reticulocytes allow squeezing through capillaries to enter blood vessels

25
Q

How long do reticulocytes in circulation take to mature into mature RBCs?

A

1-2 days

26
Q

What is the normal amount of reticulocytes in circulation?

A

~1%

27
Q

How is Erythropoiesis physiologically regulated?

A

↓PaO2 (eg. Anaemia, O2 consumption/availability, CP issues)
→ ↑HIF-1α → ↑ EPO from kidney
→ ↑Erythropoiesis
→ ↑ Mature RBC and O2 carrying capacity
→ ↓PaO2 → ↓HIF-1α → ↓EPO
(-ve feedback loop)

28
Q

What are some factors that can lead to increased RBC loss?

A

1) Usual clearance
2) Blood loss
3) Immune destruction (Hemolysis)
4) Genetic conditions (Hb dysfunction)

29
Q

What are some factors that can lead to increased Erythropoeisis?

A

1) Hypoxia
2) Nutrient availability
3) Neoplasia
4) EPO/Blood doping

30
Q

What is the condition resulting from RBC destruction&raquo_space; production?

A

Anaemia

30
Q

What is the condition resulting from RBC production > destruction?

A

Polycythaemia

Haematology (9 decks)

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