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Anatomy > The Stomach And Small And Large Intestine > Flashcards

The Stomach And Small And Large Intestine Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm?

A

Passes through the the oesophageal hiatus in the diaphragm.
At level of T10.
Sphincter there prevents reflux of stomach contents up the oesophagus.

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2
Q

What is the distal oesophagus (2cm in abdomen) supply and drainage?

A

Supplied by branches from left gastric artery.
Venous drainage towards both systemic system and portal system.
SO the site of portosystemic anastomoses.

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3
Q

What is chyme?

A

The stuff the stomach breaks food down into

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4
Q

What are the 4 parts the stomach is described in?

A

Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pyloric

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5
Q

What is the fundus of the stomach?

A

The most superior part of the stomach. Superior to the entry level of the oesophagus and is usually filled with gas. (little bump on ‘left’)

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6
Q

What is the body of the stomach?

A

Largest part of the stomach.
Middle bit, main sac.

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7
Q

What is the cardia of the stomach?

A

First bit - part that connects oesophagus to the stomach. Contains a cardiac sphincter.

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8
Q

What is the pyloric part of the stomach?

A

Distal to the body.
Pyloric antrum - wide and tapers towards the pyloric canal.
Pyloric canal - narrow and contains the pyloric sphincter.

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9
Q

Right and left borders of the stomach?

A

Right - lesser curvature
Left - greater curvature

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10
Q

How is the stomach related to the lesser sac of the abdomen?

A

Posterior surface of the stomach forms the anterior wall of the lesser sac. Lesser sac and structures that form it are posterior to the stomach.

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11
Q

What does the lesser omentum connect?

A

Connects the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver. Has a free edge, posterior to which is the lesser sac.

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12
Q

What does the free edge of the lesser omentum contain?

A

Hepatic artery
Hepatic portal vein
Bile duct

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13
Q

Is the stomach intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

Intraperitoneal (according to teachmeanatomy)

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14
Q

Which blood vessels supply the stomach and where do they branch from?

A

Lesser curvature: left (from common/proper hepatic) and right gastric arteries that anastomose
Greater curvature: left(from splenic) and right (from gastroduodenal from common hepatic) gastro-omental arteries that anastomose
Branch from the coeliac trunk that leaves the abdominal aorta anteriorly.

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15
Q

What compromises the foregut?

A

Stomach
First half of duodenum
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

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16
Q

Describe venous supply of the stomach

A

R/L gastric veins and R/L gastro-omental veins accompany their respective arteries.
Ultimately drain into hepatic portal vein.

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17
Q

Describe innervation to the stomach

A

Vagus nerve - parasympathetic fibres for peristalsis and gastric secretion
Greater splanchnic nerve - preganglionic sympathetic fibres from T5-T9 that pass through the sympathetic trunk and synapse in prevertebral ganglia around coeliac trunk.
Post ganglionic fibres travel to the stomach.

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18
Q

Hiatus Hernia

A
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19
Q

Gastric Ulcer

A
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20
Q

Pyloric stenosis

A
21
Q

Gastric cancer

A
22
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

23
Q

What is the position of the duodenum?
Is it intra or retro peritoneal?
What does it develop from?

A

Continuous with pylorus, curves in a C-shape around the head of the pancreas.
Most of it is retroperitoneal.
First half - embryo foregut (supplied by coeliac trunk)
Second half - embryo midgut (supplied by superior mesenteric)

24
Q

What is the major duodenal papilla?

A

Opening of the bile duct and main pancreatic duct into the duodenum.
Approximately halfway along the internal wall of the duodenum.

25
Q

What structure lies approximately halfway along the internal wall of the duodenum?

A

The major duodenal papilla

26
Q

What are the similarities between the jejunum and the ileum? [4]

A

Both
- intraperitoneal
- ‘suspended’ from the inferior abdominal wall by mesentery of small intestine.
- derived from the embryological midgut.
- sites of nutrient absorption, so vast surface area by folded mucosa(plicae circulares) with villi and microvilli

27
Q

Are the jejunum and ileum intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

Both are intraperitoneal. Suspended from posterior abdominal wall by mesentery of small intestine.

28
Q

What are the difference between the jejunum and the ileum?

A

Internally, the plicae are more pronounced in the jejunum.
The internal ileum has Peyer’s patches - large submucosal lymph nodules
Externally, they appear the same.

29
Q

What are plicae circulares?

A

Mucosal folds in the small intestine, more pronounced in jejunum than the ileum.

30
Q

What are Peyer’s patches?

A

Large submucosal lymph nodules found in the ileum but not the jejunum.

31
Q

What is Meckel’s diverticulum?

A

In some people
Blind-ended diverticulum 1m from the termination of the ileum. Remnant of connection between midgut loop and yolk sac in the embryo.
If inflamed, may mimic appendicitis.

32
Q

What is the first part of the large intestine?
What junction does it meet the ileum at?
What area is this junction in?

A
  • Caecum
  • Meets at ileocaecal junction
  • In the right iliac fossa
33
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine?

A

Caecum
Appendix
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anal canal

34
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

Reabsorbs water from faecal material to form semi-solid faeces

35
Q

What is the taeniae coli?

A

Outer longitudinal muscle layer of large intestine is organised into 3 bands called taeniae coli.

36
Q

What muscles layers are there in the large intestine?

A

Outer longitudinal muscular layer - taeniae coli
Inner circular muscle layer forms haustra or haustrations - bulges

37
Q

What and where are epiploic appendages?

A

Fatty tags that mark the point that blood vessels penetrate intestinal wall
Of large intestine

38
Q

What is the appendix attached to? What does it contain?

A

the caecum - at McBurney’s point - connected by the mesoappendix
it contains lymphoid tissue

39
Q

Ascending colon

A

Continuous with caecum
Runs vertically, in right paracolic gutter
Retroperitoneal
Makes a 90’ turn in right upper quadrant
Bend is called hepatic flexure

40
Q

What is the hepatic flexure?

A

Where the ascending colon does a 90’ turn into the transverse colon. Also called the right colic flexure.

41
Q

Is the transverse colon retro or intra peritoneal?
How is it attached?

A

Intraperitoneal
Suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by the transverse mesocolon

42
Q

What is the splenic flexure in the gut?

A

Transverse colon turns 90’ into the descending colon at splenic flexure (sometimes called left colic flexure).
Tethered to the diaphragm by the phrenicocolic ligament.

43
Q

Where does the transverse colon originate from embryologically?

A

Midgut AND hindgut
Midgut proximal two thirds
Distal third from hindgut
Means the two parts are supplied by different blood vessels

44
Q

Descending colon

A

Retroperitoneal (also secondarily retroperitoneal)
Runs vertically in left paracolic gutter

45
Q

Sigmoid colon
Which quadrant?
What does it connect to?
What is the rectosigmoid junction?
What is the mesentery called?
Is it intra or retroperitoneal?

A

Lower left quadrant
Descending colon and rectum
Makes a 90’ turn inferiorly as it approaches the midline - called rectosigmoid junction
Mesentery - sigmoid mesocolon
Intraperitoneal

46
Q

What is the rectosigmoid junction?

A

The ‘s -bend’ in the sigmoid colon
90’ turn inferiorly towards the pelvis

47
Q

Rectum
Retro or intra peritoneal?
Connects to?
Function?

A

Retroperitoneal
Rectosigmoid junction (S3) and Anal canal
stores faeces

48
Q

What level does the coeliac trunk leave the aorta at?

A

T12

49
Q
A

Anatomy (18 decks)

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