Final Exam Flashcards
What is Feedback?
A generic term that describes information a person receives about the performance of a skill during or after the performance.
What are the 2 Categories of Feedback?
- Task-intrinsic feedback (sensory)
- Augmented feedback (task-extrinsic)
What is Task-Intrinsic Feedback?
Performance-related sensory information that is naturally available to the performer
-Visual, Auditory, Tactile, Proprioceptive
What is Augmented Feedback?
Information the person receives about a performance from sources external to him/herself (technology, coach, rehab specialist)
The information adds to or enhances the task-intrinsic information
What are the 2 Types of Augmented Feedback?
Knowledge of Results (KR)
-Performance-related information about the outcome of the performance
Knowledge of Performance (KP)
-Performance-related information about the movement characteristics that led to the outcome of the performance
How Essential is Augmented Feedback for Skill Learning?
It can be essential for skill learning
It can hinder or slow skill learning
What are the 3 situations where Augmented Feedback can be Essential or Learning?
Critical task-intrinsic feedback is not available (obstructed view)
Person is not capable of detecting the critical task-intrinsic feedback (injury)
Person is not capable of interpreting the critical task-intrinsic feedback (lack of experience)
What are the 3 situations where Augmented Feedback can Hinder Learning?
Erroneous (wrong, inaccurate) KR or KP
Concurrent presentation of KP (we get info about how we’re moving while we’re doing it)
KR or KP presented too frequently
What are the 2 issues of Content of Augmented Feedback?
Errors vs correct aspects of performance
KR vs KP (both provide valuable info)
What is Errors vs correct aspects of performance?
Error-related info: Good for action goal achievement goal
“Correct”: Motivation role
Combine both for needs of the learner
What is KR beneficial to?
Confirm subjective assessment of task-intrinsic feedback
Determine performance outcome when task-intrinsic feedback is not available
Motivate the person to continue
Establish a “discovery learning” practice strategy
What is KP beneficial to?
Learn skills with specified movements–the outcome is assessed by movement characteristics (gymnastics, diving)
Improve specific movements or correct specific movement errors
Learn to activate specific muscles
Facilitate learning when KR is redundant with task-intrinsic feedback
What is Descriptive KP?
Descriptive KP = KP describes error
Later stages of learning – Descriptive preferred
What is Prescriptive KP?
Prescriptive KP = KP describes error and prescribes how to do it
Initial stage of learning – Prescriptive preferred
How does Video Replay relate to the stage of learning?
Initial stage:
-Provide attention-directing or error-correction cues
Later stages:
-Some assistance may be needed, but attention-directing cues may help
What are the 3 issues of the Timing of Augmented Feedback?
Concurrent & terminal augmented feedback
-Concurrent: augmented feedback available during the performance of a skill
-Terminal: augmented feedback available after the performance of a skill
Time intervals related to terminal augmented feedback
Frequency concerns
What are Research-Based Conclusions on Concurrent Augmented Feedback?
Concurrent augmented feedback can:
-Facilitate the learning of skills in which critical task-intrinsic feedback is difficult to interpret
-Learning to activate specific muscles
-Learning to produce a specific movement force
-Hinder or slow the learning of skills by leading to a dependency on the feedback
What are the effects of the KR-Delay Interval?
Interval length
-Minimum length needed for augmented feedback to be effective
-No evidence for a maximum length
-Performance poorer without the feedback than with it
Activity during the interval
-Most have no effect
-Some hinder learning
-Ex. Similar learning processes required for both
-Some beneficial for learning
-Ex. subjective error estimation
What are the effects of the Post-KR Interval?
Interval length
-Minimum length needed for augmented feedback to be effective
-No evidence for a maximum length
Activity during the interval
-Most have no effect
-Some hinder learning
-Ex. similar learning processes required for both
-Some beneficial for learning
-Ex. problem-solving activity
What are the 2 Views of Frequency of Presenting Augmented Feedback?
Traditional view = Augmented feedback for every trial (100% frequency) is best for learning
Current view = Less than 100% frequency is best for learning
Why is Less Than 100% Frequency of Augmented Feedback Better for Learning?
Increases problem-solving activity
-Less frequency allows person to more actively use their own problem solving strategies
-100% frequency directs problem-solving activity from the instructor’s point of view
Guidance hypothesis
-Beneficial performance effects of receiving augmented feedback on every practice trial become negative learning effects
What are the 4 Techniques that Reduce Augmented Feedback Frequency?
- Fading Technique
- Performance Bandwidth Technique
- Learner Requested Feedback Technique
- Summary Technique
What is Fading Technique?
First described in experiment by Winstein & Schmidt (1990)
Systematically reduced KR frequency from every trial to 2 per 8 trials
“Fading” technique led to better learning than receiving KR every trial
What is Performance Bandwidth Technique?
Leads to a less than 100% frequency
Results in better learning than KR/KP every trial
What is Learner Requested Feedback Technique?
KR/KP given only when learner requests it
Leads to a less than 100% frequency
Results in better learning than KR/KP every trial
What is Summary Technique?
KR/KP given for a set of trials (ex. Every 5 trials)
Amount of KR/KP is same as 100% frequency, but given less frequently during a practice session
Results in better learning than KR/KP every trial
What is Whole Practice?
A practice strategy that involves practicing a skill as a whole (in its entirety)
What is Part Practice?
A practice strategy that involves practicing parts of a skill