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Motor Control & Learning > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general categories of measuring motor performance?

A

Performance Outcome Measures & Performance Production Measures.

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2
Q

What does performance outcome measure?

A

Measures the result or outcome of a skill.

ex: distance thrown, speed, reaction time.

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3
Q

What does performance production measure?

A

Inform us about how the nervous system, muscular system, & limbs are acting to produce the performance outcome.

ex: EEG, EMG, force, limb kinematics.

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4
Q

What does Reaction Time indicate?

A

How long it takes to prepare & initiate a movement.

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5
Q

What is Movement Time?

A

The interval of time between the initiation of a movement & the completion of the movement.

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6
Q

What is Response Time?

A

The time interval involving both reaction time & movement time.

Reaction Time + Movement Time = Response Time

The time from the onset of a signal to the completion of a response.

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7
Q

What is Simple Reaction Time?

A

The reaction time that involves 1 signal or stimulus and 1 response.

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8
Q

What is Choice Reaction Time?

A

The reaction time that involves more than one signal & each signal requires its own specified response.

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9
Q

What is Discrimination Reaction Time?

A

The reaction time that involves more than one signal but only one response, which is to only one of the signals; the other signals require NO response.

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10
Q

What is the relationship between Reaction Time & Movement Time?

A

RT does NOT predict MT.

MT does NOT predict RT.

Separate motor abilites

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11
Q

What are the two parts of Fractionated Reaction Time?

A

Premotor Time & Motor Time. (Allow researchers to identify if changes in movement RT are due to cognitive processes or mechanical features of the limb(s).)

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12
Q

What is Premotor Time?

A

Time that elapses between the presentation of a stimulus & the first change in EMG activity.

More stimuli, the greater the premotor time.

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13
Q

What is Motor Time?

A

Begins with first change in EMG activity & ends when movement begins.

More body parts, the greater the motor time.

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14
Q

What are the Error Measures for 1-dimensional actions?

A

Absolute error, Constant error, & Variable error.

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15
Q

What is Absolute Error?

A

A measure of error without regard to direction. How far off are you from your target. Always positive.

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16
Q

What is Constant Error?

A

Deviation from the target based on direction. How far to the left or right did the target miss. Can be positive or negative.

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17
Q

What is Variable Error?

A

An error score that represents the variability of performance. How consistent you were performing the task. Always positive.

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18
Q

What is the Error Measure for 2-dimensional actions?

A

Radial error.

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19
Q

What is the Error Measure for continuous skills?

A

Root-mean-squared error (RMSE): indicates the amount of error between the performance curve produced and the criterion performance curve for a specific amount of time.

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20
Q

What is Kinematics?

A

The description of motion without regard to force or mass; displacement, velocity & acceleration.

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21
Q

What is Displacement?

A

Describes changes in spatial location as a person carries out a movement.

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22
Q

What is Velocity?

A

Rate of change of an object’s position with respect to time.

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23
Q

What is Acceleration?

A

Change in velocity during movement.

24
Q

What are Kinetics?

A

Refers to force as the cause of motion

25
Q

What are other measures of Kinematics

A

EMG (electromyography): measures electrical activity in muscles
EEG (electroencephalography): measures brain activity
Positron Emission Tomography (PET): used for measuring the concentration of positron-emitting radioisotopes within different body tissues.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI); visualizes brain function through change in fluid flow (cerebrospinal fluid, blood)
Lesions: remove portion of brain matter to see it effect on function (performed on lab animals)

26
Q

What is Action Preparation?

A

Involves the events that occur in the nervous system from the intention of an action to the initiation of an action.

27
Q

How is Action Preparation related to RT?

A

Action preparation is what we called reaction time.

We look at RT as an index of preparation required to produce an action at the cognitive & neuromotor level.

28
Q

What is involved in planning an action at the Cognitive Level?

A

Making the decision to act
Developing a general plan
Adding details to the plan

29
Q

What is involved in Making the Decision to Act?

A

Action preparation or planning begins with a decision or intention to act.
This act may be driven by internal goals or response to the environment.

30
Q

What is involved in Developing a General Plan?

A

How appropriate the action plan is for the situation determined by:
Previous experience &
Evaluation of the situation.

31
Q

What is involved in Adding Details to the Plan?

A

Selecting various movement parameters (force, velocity displacement).

Which body part will be used.

What environmental characteristics are present.

32
Q

How does the number of response choices affect RT?

A

The more choices you have the greater your reaction time.

Hicks Law: RT = log (N+I)

33
Q

How does Predictability affect RT?

A

As the predictability of one of the choices increases, RT decreases.

34
Q

How does Precue Correctness influence RT?

A

50/50 chance of correct precue: no preference

80/20 chance of correct precue: bias toward the higher probability

35
Q

How does Stimulus-response compatibility affect RT?

A

RT will be faster if the relationship between the stimulus and response are compatible.

36
Q

How does Foreperiod length regularity affect RT?

A

If the foreperiod is the same for every simple RT task, RT will decrease

37
Q

How does Movement Complexity affect RT?

A

RT increases as a function of the number of component parts in a movement increases

38
Q

How does Movement Accuracy affect preparation time?

A

As the accuracy demand for a movement increases the amount of preparation time increases.

39
Q

How does Repetition of a Movement affect RT?

A

If the same movement is required for many trials, the trials later in the sequence will have decrease RT’s.

40
Q

What is affected by the Alertness of a Performer?

A

Initiation time is reduced when the performer is alert and attentive.

41
Q

What is affected by Attentional Focus?

A

RT is reduced when performers focus on a signal rather than a movement or set movements

42
Q

What are the 4 areas of the CNS that are associated with the Planning & Execution of Actions?

A

Limbic system
Association cortex
Protection system
Spinal system

43
Q

What is the Limbic System?

A

Structure that surrounds hypothalamus

Responsible for our intention to act according to environmental demands

44
Q

What is the Association Cortex?

A

Distributed throughout the cortex

Act that is generated in the limbic system is analyzed and transformed into a general plan of action

Function: recognition, selection, and integration relevant sensory input

45
Q

What is the Protection System?

A

Main function – determines how the action should be carried out

Responsible for adding the movement dynamics to best fit the goal & environmental constraints

46
Q

What is the Spinal System?

A

Regulates the timing of the muscle activation patterns; is the “fine tuner” of the systems

Information flowing within systems in not unidirectional

47
Q

What is Attention?

A

The engagement in perceptual, cognitive, and motor activities before, during, and after performing motor skills.

48
Q

What is Conscious Attention?

A

Conscious engagement in attention activities

Verbally describe the activity

Perceptual attention: “I am looking at…”
Cognitive attention: “I am thinking about…”
Motor attention: “ I am moving…”

49
Q

What is Non-Conscious Attention?

A

Non-conscious engagement in attention activities:
Cannot or have difficult verbally describing the attention activity

Skill performance shows evidence of attention activity (ex. automaticity)

50
Q

What is Limited Attention Capacity?

A

A key factor that influences the amount of activities people can perform simultaneously

51
Q

What is Central Resource Theory?

A

One “supply store” (central resource) from which all attention activities must be obtained

52
Q

What is Fixed amount of attention?

A

attention capacity is always the same amount

53
Q

What is Flexible amount of attention?

A

attention capacity varies from situation to situation

54
Q

What is Kahneman’s Theory?

A

An example of a flexible central resource theory.

Arousal influences the amount of attention capacity.

Maximum attention capacity = Optimal arousal level for the situation

55
Q

What is Multiple Resources Theory?

A

Most popular has been proposed by Wicken

Resources are available from 3 sources:
1) Input/Output modalities
Vision, speech
2)Stages of information processing
Perception, memory encoding, response output
3) Codes of processing information
Verbal & spatial codes

56
Q

What is Dual-Task Procedure?

A

Person performs two tasks simultaneously
Primary task: ex. Walking on a pathway
Secondary task: ex. Talking with someone

Person instructed to maintain normal performance on primary task
Secondary task performance assessed to determine attention demands of the primary task

57
Q

What were the results of the Research on Cell Phone Use While Driving?

A

Missed two times more traffic signals

RT for responding to a red light significantly slower than when not using cell phone

No statistical differences between hand-held and hands-free cell phone use

Missed more traffic signals and had slower RT than when listening to the radio or to a book

Motor Control & Learning (3 decks)

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