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A and p > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

nutrients

A

substances the body needs for
growth, maintenance, and
repair; carbohydrates,
proteins, fats, vitamins,
minerals, and water

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2
Q

digestion

A

the process of breaking food

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3
Q

alimentary canal

A

a long tube, open at both
ends, through which food
passes as it is digested

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4
Q

GI tract

A

another term for the
alimentary canal

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5
Q

Accessory organs

A

organs that assist in the process of digestion, but food does not pass through them

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6
Q

ingestion

A

the voluntary process of
taking food or drink into the
body through the mouth

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7
Q

propulsion

A

the forceful movement of food
from one organ to the next

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8
Q

peristalsis

A

alternating waves of contraction and relaxation that push food along the GI
tract

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9
Q

mechanical
digestion

A

the physical breakdown of
food into smaller particles

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10
Q

segmentation

A

moves food back and forth to
mix it in the small and large
intestines

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11
Q

chemical
digestion

A

food molecules are broken
down into their building
blocks by their enzymes

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12
Q

enzymes

A

proteins that speed up
chemical reactions in the body

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13
Q

absorption

A

the process of food nutrients
moving from the small
intestine into the bloodstream

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14
Q

defecation

A

elimination of solid waste from the body

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15
Q

feces

A

solid waste; a combination of undigested and/or
unabsorbed food, water,
bacteria, etc.

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16
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

control digestive activity by
detecting stretching of organ
walls

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17
Q

chemoreceptors

A

control digestive activity by
detect factors such as solute
concentration, pH, and the
presence of substrates and
end products

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18
Q

oral cavity

A

the mouth; site of mechanical

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19
Q

teeth

A

responsible for mechanical
digestion in the mouth; tear
food apart during chewing

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20
Q

Mastication

A

another term for chewing

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21
Q

tongue

A

moves food around the mouth
to mix it with saliva and push
it between the teeth

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22
Q

salivary amylase

A

the enzyme in saliva which
begins the chemical digestion
of carbohydrates

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23
Q

salivary glands

A

Three pairs of glands produce saliva; parietal, submandibular, and
sublingual

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24
Q

saliva

A

mixture of water, salivary amylase, mucus, and
antibacterial substances;
produced by salivary glands

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25
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing; a coordinated activity that pushes the food
bolus to the back of the
mouth

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26
Q

Bolus

A

ball of partially digested food
that is swallowed

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27
Q

pharynx

A

the area behind the nose and mouth that is a common
passageway for food, air and liquids.

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28
Q

esophagus

A

tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach which
conducts the food bolus by
peristalsis

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29
Q

stomach

A

J-shaped muscular organ that
secretes enzymes that digest
protein; three layers of muscle
contribute to mechanical
digestion

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30
Q

cardioesophageal
sphincter

A

or cardiac sphincter; a ring of
muscle that controls the
entrance of food from the
esophagus into the stomach

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31
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

ring of muscle that controls the entrance of food from the
stomach into the duodenum

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32
Q

gastric pits

A

small pores in the stomach
lining that secrete gastric juice

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33
Q

intrinsic factor

A

substance that allows vitamin B12 to be absorbed in the
small intestine; secreted by
parietal cells

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34
Q

HCl

A

activates pepsinogen and
transforms in into pepsin;
secreted by parietal cells

35
Q

Gastrin

A

hormone that is released when stimulated by the
presence of food and a lower
pH; triggers increased
secretion of gastric juice

36
Q

Chyme

A

thick, semi-liquid form of food
that leaves the stomach

37
Q

Small intestine

A

the body’s major digestive organ; all nutrient digestion is
completed here and almost all
absorption occurs here

38
Q

mesentery

A

broad, fan-shaped fold of
tissue that anchors the small
intestine and carries blood
vessels, nerve and lymphatic
vessels throughout

39
Q

plicae circularis

A

deep circular folds of the

40
Q

villi

A

fingerlike projections of the
intestinal lining

41
Q

microvilli

A

tiny projections of the plasma
membrane of epithelial cells
on the surface of villi

42
Q

duodenum

A

the first portion of the small
intestine where chemical
digestion is completed

43
Q

intestinal juice

A

composed mostly of water and an alkaline mucus to
neutralize chyme; secreted by
glands at the base of the villi

44
Q

Brush border

A

enzymes bound to the surface of microvilli that complete the final states of carbohydrate and protein digestion

45
Q

Liver

A

produces bile; the largest
internal organ

46
Q

Bile

A

slightly alkaline substance that emulsifies fats; produced
by the liver and stored in the
gallbladder

47
Q

Gallbladder

A

stores bile until it is released
into the duodenum through
the bile duct

48
Q

emulsification

A

the process of breaking large fat droplets into smaller ones
to increase surface area for
digestion

49
Q

pancreas

A

organ that produced powerful enzymes to break down all
three nutrients; sits behind
the stomach

50
Q

pancreatic juice

A

substance which contains
enzymes to break down all
three nutrients and
bicarbonate; released into the
duodenum

51
Q

proteases

A

pancreatic enzymes (trypsin,
chymotrypsin, and
carboxypeptidase) that
complete the digestion of
proteins in the duodenum

52
Q

pancreatic
amylase

A

works with brush border
enzymes to complete the
digestion of carbohydrates in
the duodenum

53
Q

lipases

A

fat-digesting enzymes that are assisted by the emulsification

54
Q

lacteals

A

lymphatic vessels in the villi
that absorb fats

55
Q

large intestine

A

organ of the GI tract that does
not produce enzymes, but
absorbs water and produces
solid waste; surrounds the
small intestine on three sides

56
Q

ileocecal valve

A

controls the entrance of into the large intestine; prevents
food from re-entering the
small intestine

57
Q

Cecum

A

a pouch just below the ileocecal valve from which the
appendix hangs

58
Q

appendix

A

fingerlike projection suspended from the cecum
that may play an important
role in the immune system

59
Q

sigmoid colon

A

s-shaped region of the colon that stores feces; located
between the descending colon
and the rectum

60
Q

rectum

A

final storage area for feces
where water is absorbed and
mucus is secreted

61
Q

anus

A

the opening of the anal canal

62
Q

goblet cells

A

cells that secrete mucus in the
large intestine to aid in
defecation

63
Q

Bowel movements

A

long, slow-moving contractions of the colon that
push contents of the colon
towards the rectum

64
Q

GERD

A

when stomach acids
frequently back up into the
esophagus causing a burning
sensation; aka
gastroesophageal reflux
disease

65
Q

stomach ulcers

A

a hole or damaged area in the lining of the stomach usually
caused by bacteria; aka
gastric or peptic ulcers

66
Q

gallstones

A

hard deposits of cholesterol that cause pain when moving
through the bile duct

67
Q

hepatitis

A

liver inflammation caused by
a virus; most deadly infectious
disease in the US

68
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas
caused by early activation of
digestive enzymes

69
Q

inflammatory
bowel disease

A

chronic inflammation of the
digestive tract, especially the
large intestine (includes
Crohn’s and colitis)

70
Q

appendicitis

A

inflammation of the appendix that causes severe pain in the
lower, right abdomen; usually
surgically removed

71
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

an inherited disease that
causes thick mucus to form in
the pancreas (and other
organs) leading to digestive
problems

72
Q

hemorrhoids

A

swollen veins in the lower
rectum and anus causing pain,
itching and bleeding

73
Q

vomiting

A

forceful expulsion of stomach
contents usually caused by a
bacterial or viral infection

74
Q

diarrhea

A

frequent discharge of watery
feces usually caused by a
bacterial or viral infection

75
Q

cleft lip & palate

A

common birth defect that occurs when the lip and/or
palate fails to close completely during development resulting in a
split or cleft; corrected with
surgery

76
Q

PKU

A

rare genetic disorder that
causes a build-up of the amino
acid phenylalanine, which
may lead to brain damage if
untreated; aka
phenylketonuria

77
Q

rooting reflex

A

infant feeding reflex that causes the baby’s head to turn
towards anything that
touches the cheek or mouth

78
Q

sucking reflex

A

infant feeding reflex triggered
by anything that touches the
roof of the mouth

79
Q

colorectal cancer

A

cancer of the large intestine, one of the most common
types of cancer

80
Q

Functions of the digestive system

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Extraction

81
Q

Vitamins

A

boost the immune system, support normal growth and development, and help cells and organs do their jobs.

82
Q

Fats

A

helps give your body energy, protects your organs, supports cell growth, keeps cholesterol and blood pressure under control, and helps your body absorb vital nutrient

83
Q

Proteins

A

build and repair muscles and bones and to make hormones and enzymes.

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