Blood 2

Question 1

What are WBC’s

Answer 1

Leukocytes

Question 2

What do WBC’s do

Answer 2

Defend against infection

Question 3

How are WBC’s grouped

Answer 3

1. Granulocytes
2. Non-granule containing lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 4

Granulocytes

Answer 4

Contain cytoplasmic granules
Brief lifespan <12 hours in blood
If activated can migrate into tissues for longer time

Question 5

Types of Granulocytes

Answer 5

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil

Question 6

Neutrophil

Answer 6

Most abundant
Granules with lysosomal enzymes capable of digesting foreign material (phagocytosis)

Question 7

Eosinophil

Answer 7

Granules contain major basic protein which is toxic to parasites and other enzymes
- response to virus’ and allergic reactions

Question 8

Basophil

Answer 8

Least common, granules contain histamine, heparin and peroxidase
- allergic reactions

Question 9

Types of non granule WBC’s

Answer 9

Monocytes and lymphocytes

Question 10

Monocytes

Answer 10

Life in peripheral tissue developing macrophages

Question 11

What are 2 purposes of macrophages

Answer 11

Phagocytosis of pathogens and cellular debris
Present antigens to lymphocytes

Question 12

Types of lymphocytes

Answer 12

T cells
B cells

Question 13

T cells

Answer 13

70-80% of lymphocytes responsible for cell mediated immunities, not involving antibodies

Question 14

B cells

Answer 14

Responsible for humoral immunity, make antibodies to antigens

Question 15

What are platelets

Answer 15

Nucleus free fragments of megakaryocytes, 2-3um in inactive state
10 day life span

Question 16

A single megakaryocyte can produce how many platelets

Answer 16

Thousands

Question 17

How many platelets for 1ul of blood

Answer 17

150-400 000 platelets

Question 18

What special types of granules do platelets contain when activated

Answer 18

Dense core granules
Alpha-granules

Question 19

What are platelets essential in

Answer 19

Hemostasis

Question 20

Hemostasis

Answer 20

Prevention of hemorrhage (bleeding) from damaged vessel

Question 21

What are 3 steps of hemostasis

Answer 21

1. Vasoconstriction
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Coagulation

Question 22

Three parts of coagulation

Answer 22

Intrinsic pathway
Extrinsic pathway
Common pathway

Question 23

Intrinsic pathway

Answer 23

Surface contact pathway
- factor XII activated when contacting exposed collagen, activated platelets
- final product it factor Xa

Question 24

Extrinsic pathway

Answer 24

Cell injury pathway
- factor VII leaves vessel and binds to tissue factor receptor and become activated factor VIIa
- final product is factor Xa

Question 25

Common pathway

Answer 25

Factor Xa from intrinsic and extrinsic is used to create thrombin
Converts fibrinogen to stable fibrin clot

Question 26

Hemophilia

Answer 26

Factors in coagulation cascade is defective or lacking
- bruise easily, spontaneous bleeding
- bleeding in joints and muscles can be painful and disabling

Question 27

Hemophilia A

Answer 27

Factor VIII deficiency
80% cases

Question 28

Hemophilia B

Answer 28

Factor IX deficiency

Question 29

What is hemophilia treated with

Answer 29

Synthetic factors

Question 30

Anticoagulant factors

Answer 30

To much coagulation (thrombus can form: stroke, heart attack, pulmonary embolism)
- endothelial cels produce variety of anticoagulant factors that interfere with clotting cascade

Question 31

What prevents platelet binding

Answer 31

Prostacyclin and nitric oxide

Question 32

Fibrinolysis (final stage of hemostasis)

Answer 32

Breakdown of blood clots

Question 33

What happens during fibrinolysis

Answer 33

Conversion of plasminogen to plasmin
Plasmin breaks down stable fibrin as well as fibrinogen