final exam Flashcards
embalming is the chemical treatment of the dead body to reduce the presence and growth of microorganisms, to temporarily inhibit organic ___, and to restore and the dead human body to an acceptable physical appearance
decomposition
reverence for the dead is the basic ___ axiom of the funeral service profession
ethical
___ published the american way of death, a savage and relentless attack on the profession, causing a counterattack on mitford herself by america’s funeral directors
jessica mitford
without a body present, an essential element of the ___ process is missing
grieving
viewing and touching a dead human body is the ___ way for the bereaved to overcome any death denial feelings
best
___ is a pioneer in the study of grief management
Erich Lindemann
___ is a pioneer in psychology who saw human psychological life as an universal phenomenon whereby identification with what he termed the “collective unconscious” linked all humanity together
Carl Jung
the work done at the mortuary affairs located at ___ houses the largest and only port mortuary under the US department of defense within the continental US
dover air force base
in ancient egypt, the dead were embalmed according to ___ custom
religious
“show me the manner in which a nation or community cares for its dead and I will measure with mathematical exactness the tender sympathies of its people, their respect for the laws of the land, and their loyalty to high ideas”
william evart gladstone
the practice of embalming allows bereaved families to have ___ to make important decisions, deal with all that has happened, organize and participate in funerals
time
all personnel information about a deceased (ex. the cause and manner of death and condition of the body) are strictly ___
confidential
embalming must be authorized by the expressed or written permission ___ the performance of the procedure
before
the embalmer is responsible for maintaining the proper ___ of the body throughout the various stages of preparation and until the time of final disposition
identification
it is the ethical responsibility to maintain a clean and sanitary work environment, offer ___ to any person allowed access to the preparation room, restrict entry to unauthorized persons, and maintain coverage of sheltered human remains
personal protective equipment
authorized photographs must be digitally and physically safeguarded to ensure confidentiality. it is wise and prudent for the embalmer to secure permission from the ___ prior to taking photographs
authorizing agent
when handling human remains, funeral practitioners must ensure the dignity of the deceased, and ___ are strictly observed
universal precautions
embalmers can be responsible for the transmission of recognized classical and/or opportunistic pathogens
all of the above (remains to embalmer, embalmer to family, family of deceased)
preventing the transmission of recognized classical and/or opportunistic pathogens is a reasonable public health ___ on the part of the embalmer
expectation
implementing minimum professional practice standards in embalming is necessary to provide a standard of ___ control and assurance in preserving and disinfecting human remains
quality
it is important for the embalmer to conduct a ___ at the beginning, during, and following the preparation
case analysis
today ___ allows the fallen military hero to be transported from a distant foreign field or waters to the hometown often with the possibility of the viewing of the remains
arterial embalming
a process to promote and establish conditions that minimize or eliminate biohazards
sanitation
- something that preserves or has the power of preserving; 2. an additive used to protect against decay, discoloration, or spoilage; 3. chemicals that inactivate saprophytic bacteria, render unsuitable for nutrition the media upon which such bacteria thrive, and that will arrest decomposition by altering enzymes and lysins of the body as well as converting the decomposable tissue to a formless susceptible to decomposition
preservative
obtaining food by absorbing dissolved organic material especially obtaining nourishment from the products of organic breakdown and decay
saprophytic
separation of compounds into simpler substances by the action of microbial and/or autolytic enzymes
decomposition
to prevent or retard an unwanted alteration of a physical state. slowing the onset of the changes of decomposition by the use of refrigeration, dry or wet ice, and the injection of chemicals or non formaldehyde containing fluids
stabilize
- the decomposition of organic matter; 2. the typically anaerobic splitting of proteins of bacteria and fungi with the formation of foul smelling incompletely oxidized products; 3. decomposition of proteins by the action of enzymes from anaerobic bacteria
putrefaction
decomposition of proteins by enzymes of aerobic bacteria; to undergo destructive dissolution; implies a slow change from a state of soundness
decay
which of the following is an external factor of decomposition
strength and volume of embalming solutions
there are too many variables associated with embalming to provide ___ regarding the degree or length of time that preservation of the embalmed body can be maintained
assurances
embalming preservatives and germicides interact primarily with body proteins - creating ___ - that can no longer be easily broken down by bacterial or autolytic body enzymes
embalmed tissue
one of a class of complex nitrogenous compounds that are synthesized by all living organisms and yield amino acids when hydrolyzed
protein
arterial embalming is also called
vascular embalming
the solution in the embalming machine replaces the ___ in the vascular system
blood
direct treatment of the contents of three body cavities: thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic. applied in two phases: aspiration of the cavity contents and injection of undiluted cavity fluid
cavity embalming
the ___ is customarily selected as the primary source of blood drainage
internal jugular vein
preservation of tissues by direct contact. preservative chemicals are applied to a cotton compress or inlay that makes contact with the tissues, or the chemical applied directly to the skin surface. considered a supplemental embalming procedure
surface embalming
the ___ is the structural mediator through which the injected preservative chemicals are delivered to the receptive tissue sites
capillary
the contents of hollow organs must be removed to make room for the introduction of cavity fluid (process called ___), also removes fluids and gases form between the organs that have accumulated ante or post mortem
aspiration
a ___ is inserted through the abdominal wall near the umbilicus (belly button) to pierce the hollow organs to drain accumulated fluids and makes channels in the solid organs
trocar
the preservative solution flows through the arterial, capillary, venous routes similar to the ___ in the living body
blood circulation
know who you are embalming - identify all bodies throughout ___ phases of care
all
this form must be completed in lieu of an embalming report for each deceased human body brought into the care of a funeral or an embalming facility. a copy of the report must accompany the body being shipped or transported to another funeral facility
decedent care report
this form provides permission for embalming the body and indemnification of the funeral home
embalming authorization
results from a john hopkins university study concluded that funeral home employees who worked as embalmers had a greater exposure to ___ than funeral home employees who did not embalm bodies
tuberculosis
is a pathological bacterial staph infection that causes over 100k hospital infections a year. it can be found on the skin, in the nose, in blood and urine, and in exudates or fluid from an infected site. this infection is spread by direct physical contact or contact with contaminated objects
MRSA
___ is a fatal disease caused by a prion. the causative agent is very difficult, if impossible to destroy. the causative agent appears to be concentrated in cerebrospinal fluid
creutzfeldt jadob disease
exhaust ventilation should draw fumes ___ the embalmer
away from
embalmers should keep ___ closed on the embalming machine when not in use
rate of flow valve
used to provide personal and public health protection; should be examined and maintained or replaced on a regular basis; two primary areas of consideration are adequate ventilation and proper plumbing
engineering controls
in the US, the practice of embalming is regulated primarily by the ___. responsibilities include, but are not limited to, overseeing the cares and disposition of dead human remains; also the regulating and licensing of funeral homes, funeral directors and embalmers
individual states
since 1987, the US environmental protection agency has recognized formaldehyde as a potential ___ for tumors in the lung, nasopharynx, and nasal passages
carcinogen
four divisions of ___ directly affect funeral establishment: general rule, hazard communication standard, formaldehyde rule, and blood borne pathogen rule
OSHA
the funeral home must include on the ___ selected the statement “…you do not have to pay for embalming you did not approve if you selected arrangements such as direct cremation or immediate burial. if we charge for embalming, we will explain why below”
itemized statement of funeral goods and services
the funeral home must disclose on ___ in immediate conjunction with the price shown for embalming: “expect in certain special cases…”
general price list
the funeral home cannot represent that ___ requires that a deceased person be embalmed when such is not the case…nor can it fail to disclose that embalming is not required by law, except in certain special cases
state or local law
this OSHA rule directly applies to occupations and professions where employees are exposed to infectious agents. compliance with this rule is accomplished through applying universal precautions, engineering controls, and work practice controls
blood borne pathogen rule
___ must be made available to all employees who have occupational exposure to infectious agents
hetaptits b vaccine
rule of thumb for protective garments is that the embalmer should have no ___ skin
exposed
this OSHA rule requires that employers communicate to employees the dangers that exist in the workplace as a result of hazardous substances of materials. it also directs employers to train employees in the safe use and handling of hazardous substances or materials. under this rule, any chemical or a mixture of chemicals that expose employees to a health or physical risk are considered to be hazardous
hazard communication standard
studies have shown that exposure to ___ at certain levels will likely cause employees to experience eye, nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract irritation
formaldehyde
exposure that is time weighted over an established periods. it allows the exposure levels to be averaged generally over an 8 hour period
time weighted average
legal limits established by OSHA to which workers can be exposed continuously for a short period without damage or injury. these exposures should not be longer than 15 minutes and not repeated more than four times per workday
short term exposure limit
OSHA has a ___ standard that must be followed when respirators are put into use in the preparation room. employees must be fit tested to see if a respirator is appropriate for them
respirator
under the ___, employers must introduce employees, who have occupational exposure, to SDS. employers must identify methods by which employees will have access to the information
formaldehyde standard
an agent, usually chemical, applied either to inanimate objects/surfaces or living tissue for the purpose of destroying disease causing microbial agents, but usually not bacterial spores
germicide
a process that renders a substance free from all microorganisms
sterilization
an agent, usually chemical, applied to inanimate objects/surfaces for the purpose of destroying disease causing microbial agents, but usually not bacterial spores
disinfectants
examples of engineering controls for compliance with the formaldehyde standard are essentially the same as for biological hazards, the formaldehyde standards requires employee information and training before their being exposed to ___
hazardous substances
a blunt instrument used for tissue dissection and determining the location and elevation of arteries and veins. it has an “eye” in the hook portion of the instrument, which could be used for passing ligatures around a vessel
aneurysm needle
similar to an aneurysm needle but has a sharp pointed tip. the handle is designed to function as a separator
aneurysm hook
a curved cutting instrument that cuts from the inside outward. some embalmers prefer this type of instrument for opening arteries and veins. it also can be used for excision of tissues
bistoury knife
there are many varieties of this instrument and they can be used to clamp leaking vessels. they also can be used for packing orifices or handling contaminated bandage dressings. the ends of this instrument may be curved or straight, serrated or smooth, or plain or rat toothed
hemostat
this instrument is used to hold an incision open during blunt dissection and raising of vessels
incision spreader
a sharp cutting instrument used for making incisions. they can be used for making incisions. they can be purchased with a permanent blade, or the handles can be purchased and disposable blades used
scalpel
used to keep vessels elevated above the incision. can be made of hard rubber, bone, or metal
separator
an instrument used for grasping and holding tissues. the limbs may be straight, curved, or angular. the tips of forceps may be serrated, smooth, or rat toothed
spring forceps
used to close autopsy incision as well as incision made to raise vessels for injection
suture needles
temporarily holds skin flaps together so the embalmer can suture an incision
tissue gathering forceps
carry blood away from the heart. elastic, deep, and well protected. cream color. feels like a large rubber band. stand open when incised
arteries
carry blood toward the heart. they are blue in color and may be superficial. collapse when incised
veins
a small branch of an artery leading into capillaries
arterioles
middle layer of an artery composed of smooth muscle; functions in dilation and constriction of blood vessels
tunica media
the heart is surrounded by a sac called ___
pericardium
the first branch off the arch of the aorta is the ___
brachiocephalic artery
a large artery that carries oxygenated blood to the head, face, and neck; left and right arteries; the right artery bifurcates (divides) into two divisions (internal and external)
common carotid artery
a major artery that supplies oxygenated blood to the head, neck, chest, and arms; located blow the clavicle (collarbone) on both sides of the neck; left and right arteries; they receive blood from the aortic arch
subclavian artery
a large blood vessel that supplies to the lower boy; carries oxygenated blood to the lower limbs of the limb; passes through the thigh and divides into a deep branch and a superficial branch near the knee
femoral artery
a blood vessel of the lower limb that carries oxygenated blood to the dorsal surface of the foot; sits on the top of the foot, running over the tarsal bones then down towards the sole of the foot
dorsalis pedis artery
admittance to the preparation room is by___. the prep room is kept strictly private during body preparation
authorization
which is an example of someone who would not have a viable reason to be in a prep room
members of the community and neighborhood
prep room signage must be in compliance with the applicable laws and regulations; strictly private area and sings with required ___ warnings
OSHA
the prep room must be ___ and should not be located so that it becomes a passage to other building areas
secured
in order to maintain the dignity of the remains, the deceased must be properly ___, and provided a modesty cloth for genital areas
identified
embalmers and others working in the prep room must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards of care and ___
confidentiality
the prep room must be properly maintained to create a clean and healthy environment. it is important to perform and ___ regular maintenance and cleaning of the prep room
document
maintain an ___ supply of chemicals and associated sundry items necessary for embalming and decedent care, restorative, and cosmetology treatments
adequate
maintain an adequate number of tables and positioning devices per case ___
volume
___ decedent care activities for every decedent in the care of the facility through the use of embalming decedent care reports and other applicable forms
document
OSHA prescribes in detail the physical and ___ requirements that employers must meet to provide a safe workplace. these requirements are enforced through workplace inspections, warnings, and citations
environmental
OSHA right to know laws provide workers with direct access to information about the health risks of ___ used in the workplace
chemicals
posting requirements for this information is ___
mandatory
new construction and facility remodeling requires a ___
building permit
used for decedent care activity purposes other than arterial embalming; also called a holding or staging area
dressing room
the ___ can be the most logical and least costly location of a prep room when space allows
first floor
the ___ of a facility is often where space is most readily available. however, ceiling height can be limited in this area due to overhead plumbing lines and ducts for heating, ventilation, cooling systems
basement
_ coatings provide a seamless and nonslip surface that is easy to clean and disinfect. they can be used over cement, tile, wood, and other types of flooring
epoxy
___ tile is also seamless, resilient to cleaning products, and comfortable to stand on for hours at a time
vinyl
when selecting windows for a prep room, ___ must always be ensured in the prep room. window glass cannot be transparent and allow visibility into a prep area
privacy
when selecting doors for a prep room, remember that they must be secured to deny access to unauthorized persons. ___ locking devices require only a code; the code can be readily changed when the need arises
touch pad
wall material must be wipeable and readily ___ upon contamination or soiling
disinfected
OSHA required emergency safety device providing a steady stream of water for flushing the eye
eyewash station
device that uses a motor to create a suction for the purpose of aspiration
electric aspirator
a one way valve installed in the water supply line that services the facility to address the reverse flow of liquids within a system caused by siphonage and pressure variables
backflow preventor
multipurpose instrument (size can vary) used in the embalming process (ex. as a drainage instrument)
angular spring forceps
used to inject embalming fluid solution into the blood vascular system
arterial tube
has many openings so as to be “non clogging”. it is used to aspirate blood and arterial fluid from the cavities of autopsied bodies
autopsy aspirator
screws onto the cavity fluid bottles. when the device is inverted, cavity fluid flows through the trocar into the body cavities
cavity fluid injector
used to expand a vein to help guide a drain tube or drainage device into a vein for drainage
grooved director
specialized equipment connected to the water supply; creates suction for trocar aspiration of the bodies cavities: creates a vacuum when water is run through the mechanism
hydro aspirator
designed for hypodermic treatments. it is not used for aspiration but rather for injection
hypo valve trocar
used to attach the delivery hose from the injection device to the arterial tube. can be used to maintain and stop the flow of fluid into the arterial tube
stopcock
long hollow needle used to aspirate and inject body cavities and hypodermic injection treatments
trocar
developed for the embalming of autopsied bodies. it allows the embalmer to embalm both legs or arms or sides of the head at the same time
y tube
which of the following is not a postmortem physical change
rigor mortis
temporary rise in body temperature after death
postmortem caloricity
progression is realized once the body loses ability to sustain physiological and metabolic activity
somatic death
occurs when spontaneous respiration and heartbeat irreversibly cease
clinical death
“grave wax”; the final product of fat decomposition
adipocere
stiffening of the muscles after death; creates extravascular resistance, body positioning and feature setting challenge for the embalmers; tissue distention during arterial injection; increases preservative demand; pH changes affect chemical reaction of embalming solution
rigor mortis
postmortem evacuation of any substance from an external orifice of the body as a result of pressure
purge
thin, smooth, flat polyethylene boards, are strong, non absorbent, and easily cleaned; placed under the body to move the body
body transfer board
sloughing off of the epidermis, wherein there is a separation of the epidermis from the underlying dermis
desquamation
anaerobic, saprophytic, spore forming bacterium, responsible for tissue gas; referred to as a gas bacillus
clostridium perfringens
a gurgling, or rattling in the throat caused by the accumulation of mucous and exacerbated by loss of the cough reflex
death rattle
embalming machine that uses motorized force; pulsating and non pulsating types available
centrifugal pump
the irreversible phase of somatic death and represents the cessation of simple body processes. the organs in the body no longer function
biological death
which of the following is not a postmortem chemical change
livor mortis
extravascular discoloration, not cleared during arterial injection alone; gray discoloration when reacting with embalming chemicals; sign of delay between death and embalming
postmortem stain
