part 1

Question 1

Cell theory

Answer 1

The cell theory includes the ideas of the cell is the basic unit of life, all living things are composed of cells, cells come from preexisting cells.

Question 2

Prokaryotic cells versus eukaryotic cells

Answer 2

Prokaryotic cells are smaller, whereas eukaryotic cells are larger. Prokaryotic cells have no membrane bound organelles, whereas eukaryotic cells do have membrane bound organelles. Prokaryotic cells have DNA in their nucleoid, whereas eukaryotic cells have DNA in their nucleus. Prokaryotic cells have 70S ribosomes, whereas eukaryotic cells have 80S ribosomes. Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission, whereas eukaryotic cells divide by binary fission, mitosis, or meiosis.

Question 3

Light versus electron microscopes

Answer 3

Light microscopes can magnify images, whereas electron microscopes can magnify and resolve images. Light microscopes can view living cells, movement, and color, whereas electron microscopes can not view living cells, movement, or color. Light microscopes have a smaller FOV size (up to 1K/2K), whereas electron microscopes have a larger FOV size (up to 250K).

Question 4

Magnification formula

Answer 4

Measured size / actual size

Question 5

Millimeters/micrometers conversion

Answer 5

Millimeters/micrometers conversion: Millimeters can be converted to micrometers by multiplying by 1000. Micrometers can be converted into millimeters by dividing by 1000.

Question 6

The Fleming discovery

Answer 6

The Fleming discovery involved mold drifting through the air which stopped the spread of a bacteria that had been growing. Afterwards, Fleming found that the mold contained a self-defense chemical which led to the discovery of penicillin.

Question 7

Florey & Chain

Answer 7

Florey & Chain tested the drug, penicillin, on mice before humans, where they proved it to be effective.

Question 8

Endocytosis versus exocytosis

Answer 8

Endocytosis is the process of a cell membrane taking in a substance via engulfing. Exocytosis is the process of the plasma membrane fusing with vesicles to remove substances out of the cell.

Question 9

Pinocytosis vs phagocytosis

Answer 9

Pinocytosis or “cell drinking” allows the cell to take in liquid substances through small vesicles. Phagocytosis or “cell eating” allows the cell to take in solid substances through large vesicles.

Question 10

Characteristics of mitochondria and chloroplasts

Answer 10

Mitochondria and chloroplasts both evolved by endosymbiosis, contain their own DNA, synthesize their own proteins, and contain 70S ribosomes. However, mitochondria generate ATP during cellular respiration, whereas chloroplasts do not.

Question 11

Mitotic index formula

Answer 11

The mitotic index formula is the number of the cells undergoing mitosis divided by the total number of cells.

Question 12

Mutagen

Answer 12

Mutagens are agents that are capable of causing a mutation. Examples of mutagens are tobacco products, radioactive substances, and X-rays.

Question 13

Louis Pasteur experiment

Answer 13

Louis Pasteur tested for spontaneous generation. He found that after applying heat to a broth filled flask with a long neck curved downward, bacteria would not grow. His experiment showed that microbes cannot arise from nonliving materials.

Question 14

Passive transport versus active transport

Answer 14

Passive transport requires energy to move molecules along the concentration gradient. Active transport requires energy to move molecules against the concentration gradient.

Question 15

Simple diffusion versus facilitated diffusion

Answer 15

Simple diffusion is the transport of molecules across the cell membrane without the use of membrane proteins. Facilitated diffusion is the transport of molecules across the cell membrane that requires the use of membrane proteins.

Question 16

CDKs

Answer 16

CDKs refer to cyclin-dependent kinases. They are enzymes that modify protein substrates during the cell cycle progression.

Question 17

Davson-Danielli model

Answer 17

The Davson-Danielli model described the cell membrane having 2 layers of globular proteins between a phospholipid bilayer.

Question 18

Singer-Nicolson model

Answer 18

The Singer-Nicolson model suggested that proteins are individually embedded in the phospholipid bilayer instead of laying on both sides.

Question 19

Cholesterol

Answer 19

Cholesterol is a steroid that controls membrane fluidity by restricting movement of phospholipids to other molecules to prevent solidification.

Question 20

Surface area to volume ratio in cells

Answer 20

When the surface area of a cell is greater than the volume, it allows for materials to be more efficiently transported.

Question 21

Osmosis

Answer 21

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a high to low concentration through the cell’s partially permeable membrane.

Question 22

Ribosomes (& free versus bound)

Answer 22

Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis. Free ribosomes synthesize proteins in mitochondria, chloroplasts, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Bound ribosomes synthesize proteins in ER, golgi, lysosomes, and plasma membrane.

Question 23

Endosymbiotic theory

Answer 23

The endosymbiotic theory explains the origin of eukaryotic cells. It states that eukaryotic cells came from prokaryotes that were originally taken in by larger prokaryotic cells and remained inside host cells instead of being digested/broken down.