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1130 Testing > Final Exam Slides > Flashcards

Final Exam Slides Flashcards

1
Q

Preload

A

Is the degree of myocardial distension prior to shortening. The greater the stretch, the stronger the contraction.

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2
Q

Afterload

A

Pressure in the aorta against which the left ventricle must pump.

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3
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Degeneration of a joint surface caused by wear and tear that leads to pain stiffness.

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4
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

An inflammation disorder that affects the entire body and leads to degeneration and deformation of joints.

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5
Q

What are the two main layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis
Dermis

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6
Q

Gangrene

A

Necrosis of tissue caused by anaerobic, toxin producing bacterium.

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7
Q

Tetanus

A

Infection with an anaerobic bacterium.
Body produces a potent toxin.
Results in painful muscle contractions and lockjaw.

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8
Q

Necrotizing Fasciitis

A

Death of tissue from bacterial infection.
Cause by more than one infecting organism.

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9
Q

Crush Syndrome

A

Body is trapped for longer than 4 hours.
Arterial blood flow is compromised.
Freeing the limb can result in harmful by-products being released.
Causes cardiac arrest.

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10
Q

Compartment Syndrome

A

Swelling and edema results in increased pressure within soft tissues.
Muscles are confined to an enclosed space.
Leads to compromised circulation.
As pressure develops, delivery of nutrients and oxygen is impaired.
By-products of normal metabolism accumulate.
Tissue necrosis.
If lasts longer than 6 hours:
Serious risk of death of local tissues
Disfiguring would debridement
Sepsis

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11
Q

What are the 5 layers of the skin?

A

Stratum Corneum: Non living cells continuously shed.
4 inner layers: continuously divide to give rise to the cells of the stratum corneum.

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12
Q

What is the skins function?

A

Protects underlying tissue from injury.
Aids in temperature regulation.
Prevents excessive loss of water from the body and tissues.
Sense organ, changes in temperature, touch.

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13
Q

Liver

A

Found in the RUQ
Detoxifies the blood
Produces bile

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14
Q

Gallbladder

A

Found on lower surface of the liver
Reservoir for bile

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15
Q

Spleen

A

Found in the LUQ
Clears blood borne bacteria

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16
Q

Pancreas

A

Found in the retroperitoneal space
Secretes enzymes into the bowel that aid in digestion
Secretes insulin

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17
Q

Stomach

A

Intraperitoneal organ in LUQ
Secretes acid that aids in digestion

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18
Q

Small and large intestines

A

Found in the intraperitoneal area
Digest and absorb water and nutrients
First part of the small intestines:
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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19
Q

Kidneys

A

Found in the retroperitoneal space
Filter blood and excrete body waste

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20
Q

Bladder

A

Found in the pelvis
Stores urine

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21
Q

Reproductive Organs

A

Female:
Uterus
Ovaries
Male:
Penis
Testes

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22
Q

Diaphragm

A

Separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
Curves from its point of attachment in the flanks at the 12th rib and peaks in the center of at the 4th intercostal space.

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23
Q

Cervical Plexus

A

Innervates the diaphragm

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24
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

Controls the upper extremities

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25
Q

Lumbar Plexus

A

Supplies skin and muscles of the abdominal wall, external genitalia and part of the lower limbs.

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26
Q

Sacral Plexus

A

Supplies the buttock, perineum, most of the lower limbs.

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27
Q

Afferent and Efferent Nerves

A

Afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) nerves are responsible for the somatic functions (voluntary) of the spinal cord.

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28
Q

Upper Thoracic Nerves

A

Supply muscles of the chest that help with breathing.

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29
Q

Lower Thoracic Nerves

A

Provide abdominal muscle control and contain nerves nerves of the SNS.

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30
Q

5 Lumbar Nerve Roots

A

Supply hip flexors and leg muscles.

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31
Q

5 Sacral Nerve Roots

A

Provide bowel and bladder control, sexual function, sensation in posterior legs and rectum

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32
Q

What are the structural and functional units of the kidney?

A

Nephrons

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33
Q

What are the two sections of the loop of Henle?

A

Descending limb: Permeable to water, but impermeable to sodium and chloride.
Ascending limb: Permeable to sodium and chloride ions but impermeable to water.

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34
Q

ADH (Hypothalamus)

A

Causes water to leave the DCT and collecting ducts and reenter the blood stream.

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35
Q

Aldosterone (Adrenal Glands)

A

Increases the reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the blood.
Causing a corresponding increase in water reabsorption.

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36
Q

Organs in the Right Upper Quadrant

A

Liver
Gallbladder
Duodeum
Head of pancreas
Right adrenal gland
Part of the right kidney
Hepatic flexure of the colon
Parts of the ascending and transverse colon

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37
Q

Organs in the Right Lower Quadrant

A

Lower pole of the right kidney
Cecum and appendix
Part of the ascending colon
Bladder (if distended)
Ovary and salpinx (female)
Uterus (if enlarged) (female)
Right spermatic cord (male)
Right ureter

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38
Q

Organs in the Left Upper Quadrant

A

Left lobe of liver
Spleen
Body of pancreas
Left adrenal gland
Portion of left kidney
Splenic flexure of colon
Parts of the transverse and descending colon

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39
Q

Organs in the Left Lower Quadrant

A

Lower pole of the left kidney
Sigmoid colon
Part of the descending colon
Bladder (if distended)
Ovary and salpinx (female)
Uterus (if enlarged) (female)
Left spermatic cord (male)
Left ureter

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40
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Constricts pupils
Stimulates salvation
Constricts bronchi, decreases heart rate
Stimulates digestive activity
Stimulates gallbladder
Inhibition of adrenaline production
Contracts bladder
Relaxes rectum

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41
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Fight or flight response
Dilates pupils
Inhibits salvation
Relaxes bronchi, increases heart rate
Inhibits digestive activity
Stimulates glucose release by liver
Stimulates epinephrin and norepinephrine release
Relaxes bladder
Orgasm, ejaculation, contracts rectum

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42
Q

What does NSAID Stand for?

A

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

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43
Q

Coagulants

A

Need coagulants to heal so anticoagulant medications delay healing

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44
Q

Hypertrophic Scar

A

Can form in areas subjected to high stress, usually on the elbows or knees.

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45
Q

Keloid Scar

A

Grows over wound area and becomes larger than wound. Forms on ears, upper extremities, lower abdomen and sternum.

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46
Q

Closure by Second Intent

A

Letting a wound heal by itself (will often be done with animal bites)

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47
Q

Tertiary Closure

A

Delayed primary closure

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48
Q

PRICED Mnemonic

A

Protect an injured extremity by applying a splint
Rest the injured area
Apply Ice or cold packs
Apply firm Compression
Elevate the injured part to a level above the heart
Administer analgesic Drugs where locally authorized

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49
Q

RICES Mnemonic

A

Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation
Splint

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50
Q

Adherent Dressings

A

Allow exudate from the wound to mesh with the dressing material.
Facilitates clotting and aids in bleeding control.
Removal is painful and may precipitate bleeding.

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51
Q

Non Adherent Dressings

A

Allow the products of wound repair to pass through the material.
Easy removal but does not aid in clotting.
Applied after wound closure.

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52
Q

Arterial Bleeding

A

Occurs in spurts
Blood is usually bright red

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53
Q

Venous Bleeding

A

More likely to be slow and steady.
Darker colored blood.

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54
Q

Capillary Bleeding

A

Characterized by a slow, even flow of bright or dark red blood.
Present in minor injuries.

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55
Q

Functions of the Musculoskeletal System

A

Provides support to the soft tissues.
Enables erect posture and body movement.
Also provides protection to critical underlying organs and structures.

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56
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Many bones produce new blood cells.
Occurs in the bone marrow.
Produced in bone marrow from stem cells.

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57
Q

How many bones are in the skeleton?

A

206

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58
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Composed of the bones of the central part, or axis of the body.
Skull
Vertebral column (spine)
Ribs (12 pairs)

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59
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, upper/lower extremities.

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60
Q

Thorax

A

Consists of sternum
12 pairs of ribs
True ribs attach to the sternum
False ribs indirectly attach to the sternum
Floating ribs have no anterior attachment

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61
Q

Scapulae

A

“Shoulder blade”
Flat, triangular bone
Held to rib cage by powerful muscles

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62
Q

Clavicle

A

“Collar bone”
Slender, s-shaped bone
Articulates with sternum and acromion
Acts as a strut to keep the shoulder propped up and as scaffolding on which other muscles of the thoracic cavity pull.
Because it is slender and very exposed it is vulnerable to injury and is a bleeding risk (subclavian artery).
Any clavicle fracture is a high suspicion for life threatening shock. This is because it’s close to the subclavian artery.

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63
Q

Upper Extremity

A

Joins shoulder at glenohumeral joint.
Upper arm is formed by humerus.
Distal portion contains radius and ulna: articulation of the two occurs at hinged elbow joint.

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64
Q

Pelvic Girdle

A

Ischium
Ilium
Pubis
Fused together to form the hip.
Very little movement so the pelvic ring is strong and stable.

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65
Q

Long Bones

A

Longer than wide.
Ex: Femur, humerus, radius, ulna

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66
Q

Short Bones

A

Nearly as wide as long
Ex: Phalanges, metacarpals

67
Q

Flat Bones

A

Thin, broad
Ex: Sternum, ribs, scapulae

68
Q

Irregular Bones

A

Nonspecific shape
Designed for a specific function
Ex: Vertebral column, mandible

69
Q

Round

A

Patella

70
Q

Periosteum

A

Portion of the bone not covered by cartilage.
Dense, fibrous membrane
Contains capillaries and cells that are important for bone repair and maintenance.

71
Q

Endosteum

A

Lines the hollow inner portion of the shaft.
Similar to periosteum, but on the inside.
Contains yellow, fatty marrow in adults

72
Q

Medullary Canal

A

Hollow inner portion of the shaft.
Entrance for nutrient artery.

73
Q

Flexion

A

Elbow joint when the hand is brought near the shoulder

74
Q

Extension

A

Straightening your arm or bending your head back.

75
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from the mid line of the body.

76
Q

Rotation

A

Revolves around a single long axis.
Ex: Moving head side to side.

77
Q

Circumduction

A

To move a limb in a circular motion

78
Q

Pronation

A

Rotation of the forearm, turning the palm inwards towards the body.

79
Q

Supination

A

Turning the palm outwards so it faces away.

80
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

“Synarthroses” or “fused”
Contain dense, fibrous tissue
Do not allow for motion
Ex: Skull, distal tibiofibular joint

81
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

“Amphiarthroses”
Allow for minimal motion between bones
Ex: Pubic symphysis, rib-sternum

82
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Diathroses
Most mobile joints of the body
Surrounded by joint capsule - extension of periosteum
Bones held in place by strong ligaments
Contain articular cartilage and synovial membrane - synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid into the joint cavity for lubrication
With the flexibility of the synovial joint comes a measure of instability that results in damage to ligaments and disarticulations of bones.

83
Q

Tendons

A

Connect muscles to bones.
Flat, cord like bands of connective tissue
Have a glistening, white appearance

84
Q

Ligaments

A

Have similar structure to tendons.
Connect bone to bone.
Help maintain stability of joints.
Determine degree of joint motion.

85
Q

Three Types of Muscles

A

Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal
Skeletal muscles include all muscles attached to the skeleton (bulk of the muscles in your arms, legs, spine and buttocks)

86
Q

Fatigue Fractures

A

Repetitive stress
Occur in feet after prolonged walking (March fractures)

87
Q

Pathological Fractures

A

A force that might not generally cause harm to a normal healthy bone produces a fracture.
A medical condition causes the bone to break. Ex: Elderly patients with osteoporosis

88
Q

Angulation Fracture

A

Each end of the fracture is not aligned in a straight line and an angle has formed between them.

89
Q

Greenstick Fracture

A

Incomplete fracture

90
Q

Spiral Fracture

A

Encircles the bone

91
Q

Comminuted Fracture

A

2 fracture fragments located in the same area.

92
Q

Transverse Fracture

A

Straight across the bone.

93
Q

Signs and Symptoms of a Fracture

A

Pain - hear the snap
Tenderness
Deformity
Shortening - most reliable
Swelling - bleeding/fluid
Guarding/loss of use
Crepitus
Exposed bone ends

94
Q

Dislocations

A

A bone is totally displaced from a joint. - Articular surfaces are no longer in contact.
More complaints of pain from dislocations because the muscle is constantly spasming.

95
Q

Subluxation

A

Partial joint dislocation
Associated with joint capsule and ligament damage.
May be able to move the joint to some degree.

96
Q

Diastasis

A

Occurs when significant damage is done to ligaments that hold two bones together.
The space between the bone increases.
Ex: Injury to the pubic symphysis.

97
Q

Dislocation Signs and Symptoms

A

Feeling of pressure over the joint.
Pain
Obvious and significant deformity.
Decrease in range of motion - “frozen” in place
Possible compromised distal PMS

98
Q

Sprains

A

Occur when ligaments are stretched or torn.
Sprains result from sudden twisting or overextension at a joint.
Characterized by pain, swelling, discoloration and unwillingness to use limb.
Does not involve deformity and joint mobility is usually limited by pain.
Treat like a fracture because you can’t know for sure that it’s not fractured.

99
Q

Strains

A

Least injured
Occur when there is an injury to a muscle and/or tendon
Result from violent muscle contraction, excessive stretching or repeated overuse.
Characterized by minor swelling and pain, increased with movement.
Basically a pulled muscle.

100
Q

Tendinitis

A

Inflammation of a tendon

101
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of the bursa

102
Q

Osteoarthritis (OA)

A

Disease of the joint that occurs as they age and begin to wear. Characterized by pain and stiffness.

103
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

A

Systemic inflammatory disease that affects joints and other body systems. Significant bone erosion at affected joints.

104
Q

Gout

A

Body has difficulty eliminating uric acid, crystalizes within the joint.

105
Q

Complications of Musculoskeletal Injuries

A

Infection
Neurovascular injuries
Compartment syndrome
Thromboembolic disease
Long-term disability

106
Q

Compartment Syndrome Signs and Symptoms

A

Burning pain
Numbness/tingling
Firm tissue
Skin pallor
Paralysis of muscle
Loss of distal pulse

107
Q

Compartment Syndrome Treatment

A

Elevate the extremity to heart level
Place cold packs over the extremity
Open or loosen tight clothing

108
Q

Crush Syndrome Treatment

A

Per direct medical control
Should be done before release of force
High flow Oxygen
Crystalloid bolus

109
Q

Shoulder Girdle Fractures Treatment

A

Sling and swath
Immobilize against body
Consider other, more serious injuries (particularly spinal injuries) and treat for these

110
Q

Mallet Finger

A

Finger is jammed into an object, resulting in an avulsion fracture of the extended tendon.

111
Q

C1

A

The atlas: allow for rotational movement of the skull

112
Q

C2

A

The axis: allow for rotational movement of the skull.

113
Q

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A

Made up of peripheral nerve fibers that send sensory information to the central nervous system and motor nerve fibers that send information to skeletal muscles.

114
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Further subdivided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.

115
Q

Babinski Reflex

A

Only reflex we check.
Normal for toes to move downward (plantar flex) when foot is stimulated. A “positive” Babinski is when toes move upward (dorsiflex).

116
Q

Intraperitoneal Structures (encased in peritoneum)

A

Liver
Spleen
Stomach
Small bowel
Colon
Gallbladder
Female reproductive organs

117
Q

Retroperitoneal Structures (more protected from injuries)

A

Aorta
Venae cava
Pancreas
Kidneys
Upper part of ureters
Portions of the duodenum and large intestines

118
Q

Pelvic Structures

A

Rectum
Lower part of uterus
Pelvic vascular plexus
Infra-aortic and infra-vena-cava vessels
Pelvic skeletal structures
Reproductive organs

119
Q

Urinary System

A

Kidneys - filter blood and excretes body waste in form of urine.
Ureters - Carry urine from kidneys to bladder
Bladder - stores urine, hollow organ

120
Q

Low Velocity Penetrating Trauma

A

Knife, ice pick or shotgun

121
Q

Med Velocity Penetrating Trauma

A

9 mm gun or shotgun

122
Q

High Velocity Penetrating Trauma

A

High powered rifle or military weapon

123
Q

Kehr’s Sign

A

Presence of shoulder tip pain in association with abdominal pain. (Spleen would radiate to left shoulder, gall bladder would radiate to right shoulder) (it radiates to the same side it’s located).

124
Q

Portal Vein

A

Intertwined around the esophagus are veins that drain into an even more complex series of veins.
Ultimately join to form the portal vein.
Transports venous blood from the GI tract directly to the liver for processing of nutrients.

125
Q

Cardiac Sphincter

A

At junction of esophagus and stomach. Controls amount of food that moves back up the esophagus.

126
Q

Hydrochloric Acid and Pepsin

A

Helps break down food in stomach.
Stomach contracts churning the acid and food together.

127
Q

Pyloric Sphincter

A

Opening at the inferior portion of the stomach

128
Q

Chyme

A

Material that exits the pyloric sphincter

129
Q

What’s surrounding and part of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum
Pancreas
Liver
Bile
Jejunum
Ileum

130
Q

Duodenum

A

Where the pancreas, liver and gallbladder connect to digestive system.
Beginning of the small intestines and active stage of absorption.

131
Q

Cecum

A

First part of the large intestine

132
Q

Symptoms of Gastrointestinal Emergencies

A

Pain
Vomiting and/or diarrhea (fluid loss)
Bleeding
Alterations in bowel habits
Alterations of liver or pancreatic function

133
Q

Bowel Obstruction

A

If the patient cannot pass gas you know that they are not constipated and have a bowel obstruction.
Common reason is intestines becoming twisted or entrapped
If the patient is vomiting with a bowel obstruction they are vomiting feces.
Can occur from strictures that narrow the pathway.

134
Q

Strictures

A

Scarring that narrows the tube that carries urine out of the body (urethra).

135
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Chronic liver failure

136
Q

Esophageal Varices

A

Pressure increase within the blood vessels of the distal esophagus.
Can kill you because it’s basically an uncontrolled bleed that you can’t stop (the patient will be spitting up blood constantly).

137
Q

Mallory-Weiss Syndrome

A

May lead to severe hemorrhage.
Esophageal lining tears during severe vomiting.
Occurs more in women and is more prevalent in older adults and older children.

138
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease

A

High levels of acidity in the stomach and duodenum.
Protective layer is eroded, allowing the acid to eat into the organ.

139
Q

Cholecystitis

A

Obstruction of the cystic duct leading from the gallbladder to the duodenum, usually by gallstones.

140
Q

Acute Gastroenteritis

A

Fancy word for stomach flu or stomach ache.

141
Q

Borborygmi

A

Growling, indicates strong contractions of the intestines

142
Q

Hyperperistalsis

A

Enhanced bowel sounds. Can be early sign of bowel obstruction as bowel tries to overcome the obstruction.

143
Q

Somatic Pain

A

Found in skin and deep tissues, well localized. Ex: cut your skin, you experience somatic pain or stretch your muscles too far during exercise.

144
Q

Visceral Pain

A

Comes from organs.

145
Q

First Phase of Hepatitis

A

Joint aches
Weakness and fatigue
Fever
Nausea and vomiting
Abdominal pain
Anorexia

146
Q

Second Phase of Hepatitis

A

Symptoms of liver failure
Acholic (clay colored) stools
Darkening of the urine
Jaundice
Abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant and enlarged liver

147
Q

Cortex

A

Kidney : Lighter colored, outer region closest to the capsule

148
Q

Medulla

A

Kidney : Middle layer, includes the cone shaped renal pyramids and renal columns

149
Q

Renal Pelvis

A

Kidney : Flat, funnel shaped tube that fills the sinus at the level of the hilum

150
Q

Calyces

A

Kidney : Branch off the pelvis and connect with the renal pyramids to receive urine draining from the collecting tubules

151
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidney linings

152
Q

Abscesses

A

Affect kidney function

153
Q

Kidney Stones

A

Result when an excess of insoluble salts or uric acid crystalizes in the urine.

154
Q

Oliguria

A

Urine output drops to less than 500ml/day

155
Q

Anuria

A

Urine production stops completely

156
Q

Three Types of Acute Renal Failure

A

Prerenal: Hypoperfusion of the kidneys (shock)
Intrarenal: Damage to kidney often caused by immune mediated disease, toxins, chronic inflammation or medications.
Postrenal: Obstruction of urine flow from the kidneys, prostate enlargement renal calculi or strictures.

157
Q

Uremia

A

Increased urea and wastes products in the blood.

158
Q

Azotemia

A

Increased nitrogenous wastes in the blood.
Leads to hypertension, anemia and electrolyte imbalances.

159
Q

What are the two types of dialysis?

A

Peritoneal and hemodialysis

160
Q

Peritoneal Dialysis

A

Large amounts of specially formulated dialysis fluid are infused into the abdominal cavity.

161
Q

Hemodialysis

A

Patients blood circulates through a dialysis machine (functions as a normal kidney).

162
Q

Internal Shunt

A

Artificial connection between a vein and an artery.
Usually located in the forearm or upper arm.

163
Q

Testicular Torsion

A

Is the twisting of the spermatic cord, which cuts off the blood supply to the testicle and surrounding structures within the scrotum.

1130 Testing (4 decks)

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