Week 13

Question 1

Religion and its five main functions

Answer 1

Religion simply as a set of beliefs and behaviors that pertain to supernatural forces or beings which transcend the observable world.
1 community
2 values
3 faith
4reason
5solving p

Question 2

supernatural forces

Answer 2

Disembodied powers, such as luck, that exist beyond the observable world
Ex: the evil eye

Question 3

supernatural beings

Answer 3

Personified or embodied beings, such as deities or spirits, that exist beyond the observable world
ex:
*Deities
– powerful gods and goddesses
– monotheism
– polytheism
– can reflect social hierarchy
and gender roles
*Ancestral spirits

Question 4

types of religious practitioners & examples

Answer 4

Priest/Priestess
- full-time practitioner
- found primarily in stratified societies
- carry out religious rituals
Shaman
- part-time practitioner
- found primarily in egalitarian societies
- communicate directly with
supernatural beings and forces

Question 5

• types of religious resistance & examples

Answer 5

• Syncretism
  – merging of different
  belief systems after culture contact
• Religious revitalization movements
  – seeking new ways to resist change by appealing to
  old gods through rituals

Question 6

General reciprocity

Answer 6

a set of social rules that govern the specialized sharing of food and other items
-Payment is not given when a gift is
given, but there is an obligation to
reciprocate at a later date for an equal
value

Question 7

Balanced reciprocity

Answer 7

A form of exchange in which the value of goods is specified as well as the time frame of repayment

Question 8

Negative reciprocity

Answer 8

A deceptive practice in which the exchange is unequal; an exchange in which the seller asks more than the value of the item

Question 9

redistribution

Answer 9

an economic system in which goods and money flow into a central entity, such as a governmental authority or a religious institution

Question 10

market exchange

Answer 10

an economic system in which prices for goods and prices are set by supply and demand

Question 11

Characteristics of foragers (know their economic exchange systems & foodways)

Answer 11

Utilization of food resources available in the environment; also known as food foraging or hunting and gathering
-Nomadic (base food on the environment)
Foodways:Wild plants, fish, and animals

Question 12

Horticulturalist (know their economic exchange systems & foodways)

Answer 12

Food producers who cultivate the land in small-scale farms or gardens
sedentary village life
-Food producers.
-Generalized reciprocity (in which they share with family and close friends)
-Balanced reciprocity (in which they trade with others outside their trusted circle)

Question 13

pastoralists (know their economic exchange systems & foodways)

Answer 13

A way of life that revolves around domesticating animals and herding them to pasture
-Animal husbandry is main foodway

Economics: reciprocity,
redistribution, market economy

Question 14

Intensive agriculturists (know their economic exchange systems & foodways)

Answer 14

A farming technique that can support a large population using advanced tools and irrigation, and requiring more preparation and maintenance of the soil
-Domestication
-Economics: reciprocity, redistribution
and market economy

Question 15

Industrialists (know their economic exchange systems & foodways)

Answer 15

Methods of producing food and goods using highly mechanized machinery and digital information
- Monocultured crops are more susceptible to loss from a single type of soil-borne illness or insect pest than are naturally resil-ient mixed ecosystems.
-genetically modified (GM) seed. A
-Market economy

Question 16

Explain why “healthy foods” are a cultural construction and how that impacts traditional models of food insecurity

Question 17

Religion five main funtions

Answer 17

Functions of Religion
1. Creates community
2. Instills values
3. Renew faith
4. Provides reasons
5. Solves problems