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Sociology A Level > Education > Flashcards

Education Flashcards

1
Q

What is material deprivation - external factor of educational achievement.

A

Lack of resources provided and the ability to purchase goods and services compared to others society.

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2
Q

What did Flaherty in 2004 say about money problems

A

Money problems in the family are significant to educational achievement.

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3
Q

What did Smith and Noble (1995) identify

A

The barriers to learning like school uniform, trips, transport etc.

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4
Q

Evaluation of material deprivation

A

Seen as deterministic by many sociologists. Poor Chinese students do almost as well as rich Chinese students

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5
Q

What is cultural deprivation

A

Where a person has inferior norms, value, skills and normals.

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6
Q

What are the 3 reasons why working class families fail to socialise their children according to cultural deprivation?

A

Language, parents education and working class subcultures.

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7
Q

What did Hubby and Tait discover in 2002? Language (cultural deprivation)

A

Parents use of challenging language improves cognitive performance

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8
Q

What did Bernstein in 1975 discover about speech codes?

A

Elaborated and restricted speech codes. Working class limited at restricted whilst middle class would use both

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9
Q

What did Berieter and Engelman discover about language in 1996?

A

That language used in lower class homes was deficient.

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10
Q

How does the education system favour middle class students (language)

A

Favours elaborate language, favours middle class values, working class is more likely to feel excluded.

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11
Q

What Douglas in 1964 find about parents (parents education)

A

Found that working class parents place less value on education

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12
Q

What are working class parents less likely to do?

A

Visit school less. Less likely to discuss progress therefore children will have lower levels of motivation for achievement

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13
Q

What did Freinstein say about parents education in 2008

A

Parents own education is the factor affecting children’s education

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14
Q

How do educated parents assist in education?

A

Educated parents are more aware of what is needed to assist education

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15
Q

What did Sugarman in 1970 identify about Working class subcultures

A

That there are 4 key features that act as a barrier: time orientation, attitudes to gratification, collectivism vs individualism and attitudes to luck

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16
Q

Time orientation between WC and middle class?

A

WC : live life to that moment rather than focus on future, MC: think ahead

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17
Q

Attitudes to gratification, WC and MC?

A

WC: seek immediate gratification (wage spent now. MC : put off pleasure - achieve greater later

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18
Q

Collectivism vs individualism , WC and MC?

A

WC: believes success is through collective action like a union strike. MC : success is through individual action (studying hard)

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19
Q

Attitudes to luck of WC and MC

A

WC : chances are based on luck. MC : chances based on ability and work

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20
Q

Reasons for working class subcultures to do with jobs?

A

MC jobs are secure and encourage long term planning and willingness to invest in qualification. WC jobs are less secure, with no career structure and less promotional opportunities.

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21
Q

What is cultural capital?

A

The social assets of a person that can be used to increase someone chances of success in life.

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22
Q

What did Evan’s in 2004 say about cultural capital?

A

That MC mums are able to use cultural capital to give their child a head start. Due to own knowledge of how they should be stimulated to learn pre-school years

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23
Q

What did Ball et Al say in 1994? Cultural capital

A

MC parents cultural capital to play the system and ensure their child is accepted at the school of choice. Through knowing teachers and application processes etc.

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24
Q

What is the definition of Ethnicity according to Lawson and Garrod (2010)?

A

People who share common history, customs and identity, as well as, in most cases, language and religion, and see themselves as a distinct unit

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25
Q

What does data show about certain ethnicity’s in the UK?

A

White and Asian pupils do better on average than black pupils. Girls do better than boys in all groups other than Gypsy/ Roma and travellers. Middle class children in all ethnic groups do better than working class

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26
Q

What’s a stereotype?

A

A simplified and often misleading representation of a group. Typical characteristics.

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27
Q

What’s a prejudice

A

A pre conceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience.

28
Q

What’s discrimination

A

The unjust of prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially in the grounds of race, age or sex.

29
Q

What are the 3 external factors of Ethncity and Educational achievement?

A

Material deprivation, racism in wider society and cultural factors, ethnicity and achievement.

30
Q

What did Flaherty (2004) discover about Material deprivation.

A

Pakistani and Bangladeshi are 3 X more likely than white pupils to be in the poorest 1/5 of the population. African, Pakistani and Bangladeshi are 3X more likely to be unemployed than white pupils.

31
Q

What did Data show in 2011 about Chinese girls on FSM compared to white girls not on FSM

A

86% of Chinese girls on FSM achieved 5 A*-C compared to 65% of white girls not on FSM

32
Q

How do low income families from each ethnic group perform in the education system?

A

Poorer pupils who are eligible for FSM do less well than the better-off pupils who are not eligible for them.

33
Q

What did Archer and Francis (2007) discover about parents of Chinese pupils.

A

That parents of Chinese pupils placed an exceptionally high value on education

34
Q

What did Sewell argue about African Caribbean pupils and their underachievement (parents)

A

Relatively high proportion of Black African pupils are raised in lone parent families. Can lead to boys lacking a mole role model and discipline provided with. Can lead to many other things like : attracted to gangs, lack of concern for academic achievement

35
Q

What are the 4 external factors why girls are achieving better than boys?

A

The impact of feminism, changes in the family, changes in women’s employment, girls changing ambitions

36
Q

What are the 6 internal factors why girls are achieving better than boys at school?

A

Equal opportunity policy’s, positive role models in schools, GCSE and coursework, teacher attention, challenging stereotypes in the curriculum, selection and league tables.

37
Q

What did DSCF (2007) say about the reason for the gender gap?

A

That the gender gap is mainly down to boys’ poorer literacy and language skills

38
Q

What did Sewell (2006) argue about feminisation of education

A

That boys fall behind cause education has become feminised

39
Q

What are the 2 different discourses that Read in 2008 discovered.

A

Disciplinarian discourse - where the teachers authority is made explicit and visible.

Liberal discourse - teachers authority is implicit and invisible

40
Q

Norman in 1988 to do with gender role socialisation

A

From an early age, boys and girls are dressed differently, given different toys and encouraged to take part in different activities

41
Q

What are gender domains?

A

Tasks and activities that boys and girls see as male or female territory and relevant to themselves

42
Q

What 3 strategies do girls use to create a valued sense of self?

A

A hyper - heterosexual feminine identity, a boyfriend and being ‘loud’

43
Q

What is the hidden curriculum

A

Messages and ideas that are not directly taught, but which children learn, and which are part of the normal routines and procedures of the organisation

44
Q

How is the hidden curriculum transmitted

A

Hierarchy of management, insistence on punctuality, uniform, sets and levels , organisation of the classroom, teacher expectations

45
Q

What is a subculture?

A

Groups within wider social groups whose attitudes, lifestyles and values are shared by the subculture members, and are significantly different from those in wider society

46
Q

Where are anti-school working class subcultures predominantly found?

A

Found in the bottom streams of secondary schools according to Hargreaves

47
Q

What is labelling?

A

When teachers pass judgment on their students based on pre existing stereotypes of what is the ‘ideal pupil’

48
Q

What is self fulfilling prophecy?

A

When teachers label a pupil and make a prediction about them in relation to the label. Pupil internalises and it becomes apart of their self-concept

49
Q

What is streaming?

A

Grouping pupils into classes for all or most of their lessons, so that a pupil is in the same group regardless of the subject being taught

50
Q

What is Gilborn and Youdell educational triage

A

(1) Those who will pass anyway. (2) Borderline (grade 4/5 students) who are targeted for help. (3) hopeless cases

51
Q

What are pupil subcultures?

A

Can be described as a group of pupils who share similar behaviours and views on school.

52
Q

What is cultural capital?

A

The social assets of a person that can be used to increase chance of success

53
Q

What was Bernsteins speech codes?

A

Elaborated and restricted speech codes. MC have access to both whilst WC are limited to restricted speech

54
Q

What is material deprivation

A

The lack of resources provided and the ability to purchase goods and services compared to other people in society

55
Q

What did Noon in 1993 discover to do with applications to UK companies and ethnicities when applying for a job

A

Sent letters to 100 UK companies alternating names. Found that replies to the stereotypical white name were more helpful and informative

56
Q

What is the functionalist perspective on what a society is

A

That society is a system of interdependent parts held together by a shared culture or value consensus.

57
Q

What is Durkheim 2 main functions of education

A

Social solidarity- education does this by transmitting society’s culture. and specialist skills - education does this by teaching skills they need to play their part in the social division of labour.

58
Q

Functionalist Theory on education - Parsons

A

That education is meritocratic - everyone is given an equal chance to succeed. In principle is but is based on other factors asswell

59
Q

What is Althusser ISA and RSA

A

RSA- repressive state apparatus. Maintaining ruling class power by physical control.
ISA - ideological State apparatus- Maintains ruling class power by controlling proletariat ideas, values and beliefs.

60
Q

What is neoliberalisms ideology - education

A

Neo liberals argue that the state should not provide services such as education, health and welfare and should instead leave it to the free market.

61
Q

New Rights Ideology - education

A

Conservative political view, incorporates neoliberal economic ideas. Believe the state cannot meet people’s needs and that people are best left to meet their own needs through free market. Favours marketisation of education

62
Q

What was the data from John Chubb and Terry Moe, in America to do with marketisation of education.

A

Study of 60,00 pupils from low income families. Evidence showed that pupils from low-income families consistently do about 5% better in private than in state schools.

63
Q

What does the New right believe the states 2 main roles should be?

A
  • the state should impose a framework in which students have to complete.
  • that the state ensures a shared culture through the national curriculum
64
Q

What would Gewirtz and Ball argue about the New right perspective (negative).

A

Both argue that competition between schools benefits the middle class who can use cultural and economic capital to access the more desirable schools.

65
Q

What is the tripartite system - 1944

A

Three types of school : Grammar, secondary and technical schools. Would have to take 11+ to see where you fit in.

Sociology A Level (5 decks)

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