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Mycology > Systemic/Cutaneous Mycoses, Opportunistic Fungi > Flashcards

Systemic/Cutaneous Mycoses, Opportunistic Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

Systemic Mycoses

List the 5 types of Systemic dimorphic fungi

A
  1. Blastomyces dermatitidis
  2. Coccidioides immitis
  3. Histoplasma capsulatum
  4. Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis
  5. Talaromyces marneffei

Pneumocystis jirovecci is in the Systemic Mycoses slideshow too and is considered dimorphic. I don’t know why it’s not in this list in the PPT

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2
Q

Systemic Mycoses

Which diseases do the 5 systemic dimorphic fungi cause?

A
  1. Blastomycosis
  2. Coccidiodomycosis
  3. Histoplasmosis
  4. Paracoccidiodomycosis
  5. Talaromycosis
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3
Q

Describe Blastomyces dermatitidis characteristics

A
  • Fungus lives in moist soil and decomposing matter (saprophytic)
  • In USA, lives in Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys, Great Lakes, and the Saint Lawrence River
  • Not spread from person to person
  • Infection caused by breathing in fungal spores
  • People who smoke, have lung disease, or are immunocompromised are more likely to get sick
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4
Q

Systemic Mycoses

Describe Coccidioides spp. traits

A
  • BSL-3 organism
  • Risk to hospital personnel
  • Known as Valley Fever
  • Found in San Joaquin Valley + Sonoran Desert
  • Lives in dust and soil of desert regions
  • Infection due to breathing in fungal spores
  • Exists as mold with septate hyphae that fragment into arthroconidia
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5
Q

Describe Histoplasma capsulatum traits

A
  • Found in chicken coops and bat caves
  • Exists as mold with aerial hyphae, which produce macroconidia and microconidia
  • Infection due to breathing in fungal spores
  • Inside body, warmer host temp signals fungus to transofsrm in to yeast, which get phagocytosed by immune cells
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6
Q

Systemic Mycoses

Describe Talaromyces marneffei traits

A
  • Only affects people who live in Southeast Asia, southern China, or eastern India
  • Makes people sick week to years after primary contact with the fungus
  • Mostly affects immunocompromised patients (e.g., HIV/AIDS)
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7
Q

Systemic Mycoses

Describe Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis traits

A
  • Mariner’s wheel
  • Found in Central and South America
  • Lives in moist soil
  • Infection due to breathing in spores from air
  • Mostly affects men who work outdoors
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8
Q

Systemic Mycoses

Describe Pneumocystis jirovecii traits

A
  • Formally considered protozoan, now considered fungus
  • Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP
  • PCR test or microscopic exam
  • Respiratory specimens (BAL: bronchioalveolar lavage or biopsy)
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9
Q

Yeasts

List clinically significant yeast

A
  1. Candida albicans
  2. Candida auris
  3. Other Candida spp.
  4. Cryptococcus neoformans/gatii
  5. Trichosporon beigelii
  6. Rhodotorula
  7. Geotrichum candidum
  8. Malassezia spp.
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10
Q

Yeasts

Why is Candida auris a public health concern?

A
  • Multidrug resistant
  • Difficult to ID in lab
  • Has caused outbreaks in clinical settings
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11
Q

Yeasts

Describe Candida spp. traits

A
  • Normally lives on skin and inside the body, such as the mouth, throat, gut, and vagina, without causing problems
  • Candida can cause infections if it grows out of control or if it enters deep into the body
  • Can infect mouth, throat, esophagus, and vagina
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12
Q

Yeasts

List other Candida spp.

A
  1. C. glabrata
  2. C. tropicalis
  3. C. krusei
  4. C. parapsilosis
  5. C. auris
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13
Q

Yeasts

Describe Cryptococcus neoformans traits

A
  • Produces phenoloxidase (produces melanin)
  • Infection due to inhalation of spores , which lodge into alveoli and disseminate into CNS
  • Spores found in bird excreta, such as pigeons
  • Tests: urease and bird seed agar
  • Antigen detection: CSF or serum detects early, asymptomatic infection in HIV-infected patients
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14
Q

Yeasts

Describe Cryptococcus gattii traits

A
  • Lives in the environment in primarily tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world but also in some temperate regions such as British Columbia and some parts of the United States.
  • Rare infection that people can get after breathing in the microscopic fungus
  • Can affect the lungs, central nervous system, or other parts of the body.
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15
Q

Yeasts

What is the procedure for C. neoformans ID?

A
  1. Observe mucoid colonies in preliminary culture
  2. Urease test -> must be positive
  3. Observe morphology cornmeal agar -> want absent pseudohyphae
  4. Inoculate onto bird seed agar
  5. Observe reddish-brown colonies
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16
Q

Yeasts

Describe Malassezia furfur traits

A
  • Requires olive oil in media for growth bc lipid-dependent
  • ## Causes superficial skin infection called tinea versicolor
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17
Q

Cutaneous Mycoses

Define superficial mycoses

A

Infections that involve the outer epithelial layers (skin, hair, and nails)

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18
Q

Cutaneous Mycoses

Define cutaneous mycoses

A

Infection within the skin, hair, and nails

19
Q

Cutaneous Mycoses

Define subcutaneous mycoses

A

Infection beneath the skin. Often due to implantation

20
Q

Cutaneous Mycoses

Define dermatophyte

A

Group of fungus that causes infection of the skin, hair, and nails

21
Q

Cutaneous Mycoses

List the 4 superficial mycoses + the infections they cause

A
  1. Malassezia furfur = Tinea versicolor
  2. Hortaea werneckii = Tinea nigra
  3. Piedra hortaaea = Black Piedra
  4. Trichosporon = White Piedra
22
Q

Cutaneous Mycoses

List the 3 dermatophytes and where they infect

A
  1. Trychophyton = skin, hair, and nails
  2. Epidermophyton = Skin and nails
  3. Microsporum = Hair and skin
23
Q

Cutaneous Mycoses

List the dermatophytes that cause tinea pedis (athlete’s foot)

A
  1. Epidermophyton
  2. Trichophyton
24
Q

Cutaneous Mycoses

List the dermatophytes that cause tinea corporis (ringworm)

A
  1. Microsporum
  2. Trichophyton
25
Q

Cutaneous Mycoses

List the dermatophytes that cause tinea unguium or onchomycosis (Nail infection)

A
  1. Epidermophyton
  2. Trichophyton
26
Q

Cuteaneous Mycoses

List the dermatophytes that cause tinea capitis (scalp infection)

A
  1. Microsporum
  2. Trichyphyton
27
Q

Cutaneous Mycoses

Microsporum audouinii almost always infects which demographic group?

A

Children

28
Q

Cutaneous Mycoses

What are two important Trichophyton species?

A
  1. rubrum (hair perforation test negative)
  2. tonsurans
29
Q

Cutaneous Mycoses

Name dermatophyte ID/differentiation tests

A
  1. Hair perforation test to see if fungi penetrates hair
  2. Urease test (pink means positive)
  3. Thiamine test (test if thiamine is present or not)
30
Q

Cutaneous mycoses

Causative fungi of subcutaneous mycoses?

A

Soil saprophytes

31
Q

Cutaneous Mycoses

What are dematiaceous molds?

A

Dark brown/black pigmented colonies (produce melanin)

32
Q

Cutaneous Mycoses

What are hyaline molds?

A

Colorless hyphae with mainly filamentous form. Colonies may be brightly colored or colorless (this sentence is weird but it’s on the slide)

33
Q

Cutaneous Mycoses

Sporotrichosis is also known as which disesase? Caused by which organism?

A
  • Rose Gardener’s disease
  • Sporothrix schenkii

Forms lollipop flower structures
Have melanin

34
Q

Cutaneous Mycoses

Describe Chromoblastomycosis and causative agent(s)

A
  • Tropical disease that penetrates skin, grows deep, then resurfaces
  • Causative agents: Fonsecaea pedrosi, Phialophora spp., Cladophialophora spp.., Phaeohyphomycosis
35
Q

Cutaneous Mycoses

What is the key trait to ID Alternaria spp.?

A

Cross-linking segments in conidiospores

36
Q

Cutaneous Mycoses

Describe Bipolaris spp. traits

A
  • Melanin mold
  • Fewer segments (3-6 per spore)
  • Some melanin molds cause sinusitis
37
Q

Cutaneous Mycoses

Describe Curvularia spp. traits

A
  • Spores have few segments and NO cross-linking
  • Causes sinusitis
38
Q

Cutaneous Mycoses

Define Mycetoma

A

a clinical syndrome of localized, tumorous lesions in cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues due to infections, often a foot, with actinomycetes or fungi (Pseudoallscheria boydii)

39
Q

Opportunistic Mycoses

Describe traits of opportunistic mycoses

A
  • Infections generally through inhalation of conidia (asexual)
  • Most are saprophytic
  • Do NOT normally cause infections in healthy people but do cause disease in immunocompromised people
40
Q

Opportunistic Mycoses

List the most common opportunistic infections

A
  • Candidiasis
  • Aspergillosis
  • Cryptococcosis
  • Zygomycosis
41
Q

Opportunistic Mycoses

Describe traits of Aspergillus spp.

A
  • Common mold that we breathe in every day without getting sick
  • Antifungal resistance problem
  • Chronic obstructive lung disease
  • Allergic Aspergillous sinusitis
  • Cutaneous skin apsergillosis
  • Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis
  • Forms conidiospores
42
Q

Opportunistic Mycoses

List species of Aspergillus

A
  • fumigatus
  • niger
  • flavus
43
Q

Opportunistic Mycoses

List Mucormycetes (aka Zygomycetes)

A
  • Cunninghamella spp.
  • Lichtheimia
  • Mucor spp.
  • Rhizomucor spp.
  • Rhizopus spp.
  • Syncephalastrum spp.
44
Q

Opportunistic Mycoses

Which disease does Fusarium spp. cause?

A

Keratinitis (infects eyes)

Mycology (4 decks)

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