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APBIO > Enzymes and Cellular Energy > Flashcards

Enzymes and Cellular Energy Flashcards

1
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate
(Energy)

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2
Q

How is ATP used for energy?

A

By breaking the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphates

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3
Q

What are the substances that participate in a chemical reaction?

A

Reactants (substrates in the case of enzymes)

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4
Q

What is the amount of energy needed to break the bonds during a chemical reaction called?

A

Activation Energy

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5
Q

What are some important properties of enzymes?

A
  1. They’re a protein
  2. They’re substrate specific
  3. They can be used over and over again
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6
Q

What group of compounds do enzymes belong to?

A

Proteins

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7
Q

What are the organic substances that speed up the chemical reactions of the cell called?

A

Enzymes

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8
Q

What is a pocket or groove on the surface of an enzyme in which the substrate molecules fit into called?

A

Active Site

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9
Q

What name is given to an inorganic substance that speeds up a chemical reaction?

A

Catalyst

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10
Q

What would happen to the chemical reactions in living cells if enzymes weren’t present?

A

They would slow dramatically (some would take up to millions of years)

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11
Q

The ability to do work

A

Energy

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12
Q

This is associated with motion

A

Kinetic Energy

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13
Q

Stored energy

A

Potential Energy

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14
Q

What reactions release energy?

A

Exergonic

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15
Q

What reactions absorb energy?

A

Endergonic

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16
Q

What is the cellular molecule that stores energy by adding another phosphate group?

A

ADP

“add”p

17
Q

What is the cellular molecule that releases energy by losing a phosphate group?

A

ATP

18
Q

What type of substrate binds to an allosteric site and stabilizes the shape of the enzyme so that the active sites remain open?

A

Allosteric Activator

19
Q

What type of substrate binds to an allosteric site and stabilizes the enzyme shpae so that the active sites are closed (inactive form)?

A

Allosteric Inhibitor

20
Q

Loss of order, or energy flow, results in what?

A

Death

21
Q

What must consume energy to build complex molecules?

A

Anabolic Pathways

22
Q

Cofactors are … that assist in enzyme function

A

Nonprotein Molecules

23
Q

In some reactions, the end product can act as a what to an early enzyme in the same pathway?

A

Inhibitor

24
Q

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze reactions by … activation energy

A

Lowering/reducing

25
Q

An enzyme is exposed to various treatments and then examined to see whether denaturation occured. Which treatments would likely cause an effect to the enzyme?

A

A change in salt, a change in pH, a change in temperature, chemicals

26
Q

Peptidogycan is a polymer that forms a mesh-like layer over the plasma membrane of many bacteria forming a cell wall. This peptidoglycan cell wall is formed by cross-linking the polymers, which forms a strong and rigid covering around the cell. The cross links between peptidoglycan chains is catalyzed by the enzyme transpeptidase. Penicillin is an antibiotic that can be used to treat infections with this type of bacteria. Penicillin works by covalently bonding to the active site of transpeptidase. What best represents the type of inhibition represented in this example and the effect that it will have on the bacteria?

A

Competitive Inhibition; Stopping formation of the cell wall

27
Q

The enzyme alpha amylase can be found in saliva and helps to start the digestion of food. In order to work optimally, calcium and chlorine ions must be bound to it. In this example, calcium and chlorine are examples of…?

A

Cofactors

28
Q

A reaction takes place that breaks down a protein to its amino acid monomers. What type of reaction would this be classified as?

A

Catabolic

29
Q

What is ATP composed of?

A

Adenosine - Ribose - 3 Phosphates

30
Q

Enzymes catalyze reactions by…?

A

Lowering the activiation energy

31
Q

How does the environment affect enzyme activity?

A

It can increase or decrease activity

32
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it just changes form

33
Q
A

APBIO (3 decks)

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