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Attention And Perception > Unit 9 > Flashcards

Unit 9 Flashcards

1
Q

How do we perceive depth?

A

by using information from:
- the environment
- physical sensations

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2
Q

What is one of the most widely known approaches to the question as to how we perceive 2d images as 3d?

A

The cue approach

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3
Q

What is the cue approach?

A

study of information in retinal image that provides cues regarding depth

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4
Q

What are the three main types of visual cues?

A

Oculomotor
Monocular
Binocular

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5
Q

Oculomotor cues

A

information we can feel because of eye movements:
- convergence
- accommodation

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6
Q

Convergence

A

inward movement of eyes when looking at nearby objects
-> causes change in convergence angle
movement produces physical sensation
-> used by NS to calculate distance

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7
Q

Accomodation

A

Change in shape of lens to focus on objects at various distances

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8
Q

Ciliary muscles

A

muscles that change shape of lens
Tension caused by ciliary muscles used to calculate distance

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9
Q

What are oculomotor cues useful for?

A

Visual information of up to an arms length

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10
Q

What is more useful? Convergence or accomodation?

A

Convergence (usually), as it produces a stronger physical sensation

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11
Q

Monocular cues

A

depth information from just one eye
consist of:
Accommodation
Pictorial cues
Motion cues

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12
Q

Occlusion

A

When an object in a scene hides another one
partially obstructed object perceived as further away
-> only gives relative distance

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13
Q

Relative height

A

Objects higher in visual field generally perceived as further away
-> however depends on horizon
-> for objects above horizon opposite effect

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14
Q

Familiar size

A

Using prior knowledge of size of objects to judge distance
most useful when other information about depth isn’t available

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15
Q

Relative size

A

when we know that that two objects are of same size but presented as different size
-> located at different distances
-> objects further away will occupy less visual space

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16
Q

Perspective convergence

A

converging lines towards a point in a 2D image
-> objects closer to the point are further away

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17
Q

Atmospheric perspective

A

The further an object is away, the greater the number of dust, water and air particles between us and the object
-> if object in 2D image less sharp (often with blueish colour)
-> appears further away

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18
Q

Why does the blueish colour occur for far away objects?

A

blue light scatters off of particles easier than other colours of visible light

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19
Q

Texture gradient

A

When objects in environment are equally spaced apart
-> produce perception of texture
-> objects less spaced: further away
-> objects more spaced: closer
=> change in texture: texture gradient

20
Q

Shadows

A

Decrease in light sensitivity because of the obstruction of light
Give information about three-dimensional shape of objects

21
Q

Motion cues

A

monocular cues that rely on movement to perceive depth

22
Q

Motion parallax

A

when moving by objects:
- going slower appear more distant
- going faster appear closer

23
Q

Why does motion parallax occur?

A

images of close and distant objects move across retina at different speeds

24
Q

Deletion and accretion

A

some objects cover others (deletion)
some objects get covered (accretion)

25
Q

What does the utility of monocular cues depend on?

A

situation
distance

26
Q

Binocular cues

A

take differences between images created in left and right eye into account

27
Q

What is the difference in images called?

A

binocular disparity

28
Q

What is stereoscopic depth perception?

A

basis: binocular disparity
easily seen in cinemas
3D movies use two different angles
-> 3d glasses help separate two images

29
Q

What is the binding problem?

A

How do we combine individual characteristics to perceive whole object?

30
Q

Feature integration theory

A

Treisman & Gelade
attempts to answer binding problem
-> 2 stages of object recognition

31
Q

2 stages of object recognition

A

1 Preattentive stage (feature search): individual characteristics independently and automatically detected
2 focused attention stage(conjunction): FA used to combine individual features

32
Q

How did Treisman & Schmidt find evidence to support the Feature integration theory (FIT)?

A

illusory conjunctions
participants shown shapes and numbers (–200ms)
needed to say numbers before shapes
-> individual feature detection not influenced
-> conjunction impaired: couldn’t correctly combine colours and features since FA was disrupted

33
Q

Recognition-by-components theory

A

Biederman
geons (simple geometric shapes) aid in object recognition
recognition of objects by dividing them into geons

34
Q

What is a fundamental assumption of the recognition-by-components theory?

A

viewpoint invariance
geons equally recognisable from every angle
-> also applies to objects constructed from geons

35
Q

What is the issue with the recognition-by-components theory?

A

doesn’t explain how we recognise specific faces
should cause same neurone activation for viewpoint invariant geons but doesnt (only some in inferior temporal cortex)

36
Q

What is one of the most prominent theories as to how we recognise objects

A

Prototype theory
we recognise objects and compare them with object that best represents category
-> prototype

37
Q

What is a prototype?

A

averaged model of all previously encountered objects for a categroy

38
Q

What is typicality?

A

the degree to which variations represent the prototype
-> high typicality = high similarity with prototype

39
Q

How did Rosch quantify typicality?

A

showed participants series of photos
had to rank from 1-7 which photo best represented the category

40
Q

How did Rosch & Mervis demonstrate typicality?

A

had to name characteristics of multiple objects
-> different objects of a category show high family resemblance
=> link between typicality and family resemblance

41
Q

How do we organise categories of objects to take into account more specific differences in characteristics between objects?

A

organising them into hierarchical structures

42
Q

The three levels in hierarchy of object recognition

A

Global (Superordinate)
Basic
Specific

43
Q

Which is the most psychologically important?

A

The basic level
->majority of people use it to rapidly recognise an object

44
Q

How did Rosch et al. prove the preference for the basic level using family resemblance?

A

list features of:
- furniture -> 3 features
- table -> 9 features
- kitchen table -> 10.3 features
=> demonstrates usefulness of basic level

45
Q

What else shows the more useful nature if the basic over the specific level?

A

Two objects of the basic level have less similarities that two objects at specific level

46
Q

What does the basic level depend on?

A

experience

Attention And Perception (4 decks)

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