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Horticulture 101 > Final Exam Horticulture 101 > Flashcards

Final Exam Horticulture 101 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 14 symbols for the 14 chemical elements covered in class?

A

H
C
O
N
Na
Mg
Al
P
S
Cl
K
Ca
Mn
Fe

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2
Q

what are protons?

A

what the element is; atomic number

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3
Q

how do you calculate the mass number of an atom?

A

protons + neutrons

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4
Q

what are isotopes?

A

the change in the number of neutrons

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5
Q

what determines an atom’s charge?

A

protons - electrons

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6
Q

what happens if the charge of an atom is 0?

A

no number is written

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7
Q

what are elements made of?

A

atoms

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8
Q

what charge do protons have and where are they located?

A

positive charge, and in the nucleus

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9
Q

wat charge do neutrons have and where are they located?

A

no charge, and in the nucleus

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10
Q

what charge do electrons have and where are they located?

A

negative charge, and in a cloud surrounding the nucleus

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11
Q

long-term food storage

A

carbohydrates

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12
Q

fatty substances

A

lipids

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13
Q

enzymes

A

protein

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14
Q

DNA storage

A

nucleic acid

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15
Q

what’s the difference between a polar and non-polar compound?

A

polar compounds can typically dissolve in water

non-polar compounds dissolve better in fats or oils

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16
Q

what is the plasma membrane of a cell?

A

the outer boundary of a cell; determines what gets in and out of the cell

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17
Q

what does the plasmodesmata do?

A

forms connections between cells

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18
Q

what is the cytoplasm?

A

everything between the cell wall and membrane and nucleus

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19
Q

what are prokaryotes?

A

bacteria with no membrane

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20
Q

what are eukaryotes?

A

cells found in animals, plants, fungi, and algae (membrane bound and has dna in nucleus)

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21
Q

what does the nucleus do?

A

directs the cell’s activities and contain’s most of cell’s dna

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22
Q

what is the vacuole?

A

it is found only in plants and takes up most of the cell’s volume; stores waste and regulates cell pressure

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23
Q

what are mitochondria and chloroplasts descendants of?

A

prokaryotes

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24
Q

site of cellular respiration; has double membrane

A

mitochondria

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25
Q

site of photosynthesis; contains chlorophyll, and has a double membrane

A

chloroplasts

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26
Q

what do parenchyma do?

A

carry out photosynthesis and storage, one primary cell wall, and living cytoplasm

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27
Q

aerenchyma

A

air spaces in aquatic plants

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28
Q

collenchyma

A

thickened cell walls strong yet pliable

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29
Q

sclerenchyma

A

fibers and sclereids

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30
Q

what is xylem?

A

tissue that moves water and nutrients from the roots to aboveground plant parts

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31
Q

pipes of vessel elements found in xylem

A

vessels

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32
Q

similar to vessels but with tapered ends

A

tracheids

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33
Q

transports down the stem moving sugars from the leaves to root tissues

A

phloem

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34
Q

what is phloem made of?

A

sieve tube members and companion cells?

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35
Q

outer layer of cells on a stem or leaf

A

epidermis

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36
Q

what is the waxy layer on top of a leaf called and what does it do?

A

cutin, and it protects from disease and pests

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37
Q

what are lenticels?

A

openings that allow for gas exchange

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38
Q

wat do lateral meristems contribute to?

A

plant’s thickness (secondary growth)

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39
Q

what do lateral meristems include?

A

vascular cambium and cork cambium

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40
Q

__ do not have secondary growth?

A

monocots

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41
Q

__ have secondary growth

A

dicots

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42
Q

what are the main functions of roots?

A

1) absorb water and nutrients from the soil
2) anchor the plant
3) storage of food and nutrients

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43
Q

taproot

A

single, dominant root from which smaller branches arise (dicot)

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44
Q

fibrous root

A

many thin, branching roots with no one dominant (monocot)

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45
Q

layer of cells covering the outside of the root; produces root hairs and protects the root from water loss and soil pathogens

A

root epidermis

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46
Q

endodermis

A

layer of cells that prevent water from escaping; cell walls are covered with suberin that prevents water flow out of the root

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47
Q

strip of suberin in the endodermis

A

Casparian Strip

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48
Q

x shape of xylem cells with phloem surrounding it

A

dicot vascular cylinder

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49
Q

xylem in a circular position with phloem surrounding and a center pith

A

monocot vascular cylinder

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50
Q

what is underneath of soil?

A

bedrock

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51
Q

what is humus?

A

dark, partially decomposed organic matter

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52
Q

what is soil?

A

proportions of sand, silt, and clay

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53
Q

what is a perfect mix of sand, silt, and clay called?

A

a loam

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54
Q

largest to smallest particles of soil

A

sand
silt
clay

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55
Q

__ soil particles have better drainage and aeration

A

larger

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56
Q

__ soil particles retain moisture and sometimes too much, like clay

A

smaller

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57
Q

in _ stems, the pith is towards the center and the cortex is in the outer ring

A

dicot

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58
Q

in _ stems, the pith and cortex are mixed together; the xylem and phloem are scattered throughout in vascular bundles and look like faces

A

monocot

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59
Q

__ stems are non-woody and herbaceous

A

monocot

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60
Q

a cell layer between primary xylem and primary phloem that creates secondary xylem and phloem (only in dicots)

A

vascular cambium

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61
Q

arises in the cortex and produces the periderm

A

cork cambium

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62
Q

this replaces the epidermis in woody plants

A

periderm

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63
Q

all of the tissues outside of the vascular cambium can be referred to as

A

bark

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64
Q

two leaves across from each other and have two leaves per node

A

opposite leaves

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65
Q

alternate and have only one leaf per node

A

alternate leaves

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66
Q

has more than two leaves per node

A

whorled leaves

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67
Q

what is a simple leaf?

A

a leaf with one blade

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68
Q

subdivided into several blades called leaflets

A

compound leaves

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69
Q

has leaflets in pairs along a petiole extension called the rachis

A

pinnately compound leaves

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70
Q

leaves with even further subdivisions than pinnately compound leaves

A

bipinnately compound

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71
Q

have leaflets attached at the same point

A

palmately compound

72
Q

a leaflike pair of appendages at the base of the petiole

A

stipules

73
Q

__ leaves tend to form a leaf blade connected to the stem by a petiole

A

dicot

74
Q

what are the two types of leaf venation?

A

pinnate
palmate

75
Q

smaller veins radiating from a central midvein

A

pinnate leaf venation

76
Q

__ will have parallel venation

A

monocots

77
Q

__ will have netlike venation

A

dicots

78
Q

the 3 main parts of a leaf are

A

epidermis
mesophyll
veins

79
Q

most of these cells do not have chloroplasts and are covered in a waxy lipid called cutin

A

upper and lower epidermis

80
Q

these are the only cells in the epidermis that have chloroplasts

A

guard cells

81
Q

guard cells form an opening in the leaf called __

A

stomata

82
Q

__ in the epidermis of a leaf allow for gas exchange (co2 in oxygen out)

A

stomata

83
Q

closely packed, rectangular cells near the top of the leaf

A

palisade mesophyll

84
Q

loosely packed, parenchyma cells beneath the palisade layer

A

spongy mesophyll

85
Q

this is contains the vascular bundle xylem and phloem

A

the leaf vein

86
Q

what is the vascular bundle in a leaf surrounded by?

A

bundle sheath cells that contain chloroplasts

87
Q

what is the stalk of a flower called?

A

peduncle

88
Q

what are the smaller stalks called that a peduncle can branch into?

A

pedicels attached by a rachis

89
Q

what is the swollen tip of a peduncle called?

A

receptacle

90
Q

flowers alternate along a central stalk

A

raceme

91
Q

compound raceme

A

panicle

92
Q

like a raceme without pedicels to attach it to the stalk

A

spike

93
Q

a series of flowers arranged on a central disk

A

a head

94
Q

what are the whorls of a flower?

A

calyx
corolla
androecium
gynoecium

95
Q

what do the stamens produce?

A

androecium; the male parts of a flower

96
Q

sperm cells are produced in a

A

grain of pollen

97
Q

the pistils produce the

A

gynoecium; female parts of a flower

98
Q

what are the female parts of a flower?

A

stigma
style
ovary

99
Q

monocots tend to come in multiples of __ whereas dicots tend to come in groups of __ or __

A

3, 4, 5

100
Q

what do perfect flowers have?

A

both stamens and pistils

101
Q

pollination can occur by

A

wind or animals

102
Q

where is pollen deposited during the pollination process?

A

the stigma

103
Q

__ sperm cells go into the ovary, one sperm cell fertilizes the __ __ to produce the __ and the other fertilizes two __ __ to produce __.

A

two, egg cell, embryo, polar cells, endosperm

104
Q

what are the 3 components in the structure of a fruit?

A

exocarp
mesocarp
endocarp

105
Q

fleshy fruit with a single seed enclosed by a hard, stony endocarp

A

drupe

106
Q

multiple seeds in a fleshy mesocarp that is difficult to distinguish from the endocarp

A

berry

107
Q

endocarp can be papery or leathery but hard while the mesocarp is fleshy

A

pome

108
Q

separated ovary sections of a flower fuse

A

aggregate

109
Q

inflorescence fuses together into a single body

A

multiple

110
Q

dry fruits that split open at maturity

A

dehiscent fruits

111
Q

dry fruits that do not split open at maturity

A

indehiscent fruits

112
Q

the embryonic leaves in a seed are called

A

cotyledons

113
Q

monocots have __ cotyledon and dicots have __

A

1, 2

114
Q

__ seeds germinate with the cotyledons underground

A

hypogeous

115
Q

__ seeds raise their cotyledons aboveground

A

epigeous

116
Q

embryonic shoot with underdeveloped leaves and a meristem (attaches above the cotyledons)

A

plumule

117
Q

the plumule includes the

A

epicotyl (above cotyledons)
hypocotyl (below cotyledons)

118
Q

first part of the embryo to emerge from the seed

A

radicle

119
Q

sheath in monocots covering the plumule

A

coleoptile

120
Q

prominent in monocots and supplies most of humanities calories

A

endosperm

121
Q

what do whole grains contain?

A

endosperm
bran
embryo of a seed

122
Q

who developed binomial nomenclature?

A

carolus linnaeus

123
Q

what did binomial nomenclature do?

A

place species in each genus with names in two part binomials

124
Q

what are the different levels of classification in biology?

A

species
genus
family
order
class
phylum
kingdom

125
Q

3 domains in the classification of biology

A

bacteria
archaea
eukaria

126
Q

what is ecology?

A

studies relationships of organisms to each other and the environment

127
Q

what are the five levels of biology?

A

populations
communities
ecosystems
biomes
biosphere

128
Q

how do energy and matter move within ecosystems?

A

energy flows while matter cycles

129
Q

what is succession?

A

the progression in the composition of a community over its lifetime

130
Q

begins with bare rock and is the result of a major disturbance

A

primary succession

131
Q

disturbance to an established community that leads to a change in community composition

A

secondary succession

132
Q

the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

A

diffusion

133
Q

substances move through a semipermeable membrane at different rates; like a filter

A

osmosis

134
Q

substances that move through a semipermeable membrane at different rates; like a filter (liquids)

A

solvent

135
Q

a mixture in which things are dissolved evenly

A

solution

136
Q

the thing that is dissolved in the solvent

A

solute

137
Q

water flows out; solution has a higher solute concentration than the cell’s

A

hypertonic

138
Q

water flows in; solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell’s

A

hypotonic

139
Q

solution’s solute concentration is equal to the cell’s

A

isotonic

140
Q

the plasma membrane presses tightly against the cell wall (water filled)

A

turgid

141
Q

the plasma membrane is not tightly pressed against the cell wall (losing water)

A

flaccid

142
Q

the plasma membrane has pulled away from the cell, which overtime kills the cell (dehydrated)

A

plasmolyzed

143
Q

water potential calculation

A

pressure potential + solute potential

144
Q

3 processes of water movement in plants

A

root pressure
capillary action
cohesion tension theory

145
Q

when air bubbles break the tension of the water column in xylem vessels this is

A

cavitation

146
Q

air bubbles in xylem

A

embolism (result of freeze thaw cycle)

147
Q

repairing cavitation in small plants

A

root pressure

148
Q

repairing cavitation in large plants

A

solute imported into xylem

149
Q

cellular respiration equation

A

glucose + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O +38 ATP

150
Q

importance of photosynthesis

A

1) produces 94% of dry weight in plants
2) produced fossil fuels for the energy of electricity and transportation
3) provides energy for nearly all living organisms
4) produces the world’s oxygen

151
Q

equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy
–> glucose + 6O2

152
Q

what does photosynthesis do?

A

converts light energy from the sun into chemical energy stored in sugars

153
Q

what type of photosynthesis is used in the Calvin Cycle?

A

c3 photosynthesis

154
Q

this type of photosynthesis plant has enlarged bundle sheath cells and all of the leaf’s rubisco (kranz anatomy)

A

c4 photosynthesis

155
Q

this type of photosynthesis is most important in monocots, but some dicots in dry and warm environments

A

c4 photosynthesis

156
Q

this photosynthesis is used by plants in arid environments to conserve water

A

CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism)

157
Q

in these plants, stomata are only open at night and co2 is stored in the vacuole of mesophyll as malic acid

A

CAM plants

158
Q

irreversible increase in volume due to the division and enlargement of cells

A

growth

159
Q

a change in form as a result of both growth and differentiation

A

development

160
Q

molecules transported in an organism that have effects on growth flowering and other plant activities

A

hormones

161
Q

produced in the shoot apical meristem and cause the enlargement of cells by elongation of cell walls

A

auxins

162
Q

can delay fruit and leaf abscission and fruit ripening

A

auxins

163
Q

produced in immature seeds, root and shoot tips, and young leaves; they function to enhance growth primarily in dicots, and only a little bit in monocots.

A

(GA) Gibberellins

164
Q

can stimulate germination; this hormone can also lower the temperature threshold of plant growth (grow at cooler temps)

A

gibberellins

165
Q

chemical in phloem that stimulates cell division and the production of cork cambium; stimulates cell division only in the presence of auxin.

A

cytokinins

166
Q

hormone found in dormant buds that blocks the effects of auxins; it is found in high concentrations in fruits to prevent further germination and can be applied externally

A

(ABA) abscisic acid

167
Q

gaseous hormone that is given off by ripening fruits; it functions to initiate abscission of leaves and flowers and prevent cell elongation resulting in shorter sturdier plants.

A

ethylene

168
Q

what are tropisms?

A

permanent movements resulting from external stimuli coming from one direction

169
Q

what is etiolation?

A

when plants grown in the dark develop long stems few leaves and a pale appearance

170
Q

what is gravitropism?

A

growth of plants towards or away from gravity

171
Q

what is photoperiodism?

A

response of plants to the lengths of night and day; daytime is photoperiod and nighttime is skotoperiod

172
Q

plants sense and respond to photoperiod using

A

cryptochrome
phytochrome

173
Q

necessary for plants to flower on the proper photoperiod

A

phytochrome

174
Q

photoperiod is sensed in the

A

leaves

175
Q

during photoperiod, the signal from the leaves is transmitted to the buds, this unknown hormone is called

A

florigen

Horticulture 101 (5 decks)

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