week 9

Question 1

Emotions are 4 things

Answer 1

short-lived, feeling arousal, purposeful expression phenomena, that help us adapt to the opportunities and challenge we face during important life events

Question 2

the four components of emotion:

Answer 2

feeling component

bodily arousal component

purposeful component

social-expressive component

Question 3

explain feeling component and bodily arousal component

Answer 3

Feeling Component (Feelings)
* Subjectively felt experience that has meaning, personal significance, and levels of
intensity and quality.
Bodily Arousal Component (Action Preparedness)
* Neural (brain), physiological (heart rate, hormones), and body (posture,
musculature) activation that prepare the body for adaptive coping behavior.

Question 4

explain purposeful component and social-expressive component

Answer 4

Purposeful Component (Function)
* Goal-directed motivation to do something specific (to cope successfully with
the significant life event).

Social-Expressive Component (Expression)
* Public expression of our private state, as through facial expressions, voice
intonations, gestures, and posture.

Question 5

emotion as motivation

Answer 5

emotions are one type of motive which energizes and directs behaviour

Question 6

emotion as readout

Answer 6

Emotions serve as an ongoing readout system to indicate how well or how poorly personal adaptions is going

Question 7

Two system view: both systems

Answer 7

intuition and instinct and reational thinking

Question 8

intuition and instinct originates to the

Answer 8

ancient evolutionary history of the species

Question 9

the rational thinking system explained

Answer 9

The second system an
experienced-based
cognitive system that
depends on the unique
learning history of the
individual

Question 10

two things that end an emotion

Answer 10

1. removal of the significant life event that activated the emotion in the first place
2. engaging in coping behaviours that successfully manage and alter the significant life event

Question 11

how many emotions are there: biological perspective

Answer 11

2-8

Question 12

cognitive perspective: how many emotions are there

Answer 12

unlimited

Question 13

features of basic emotions: 5

Answer 13

1. Distinct facial expression
2. Distinct pattern of physiology
3. Automatic (unlearned) appraisal
4. Distinct antecedent cause
5. Inescapable (inevitable) activation

Question 14

what are first oder emotions

Answer 14

triggered
automatically in response to
environmental stimuli

Question 15

second-order emotions

Answer 15

triggered by
“emotional schemas” or
“emotional knowledge” learned
through socialization
experiences (e.g., guilt, surprise)

Question 16

emotions as a coping function

Answer 16

• Emotions help people deal with fundamental life tasks—universal
  human predicaments such as threat, obstacles, loss, and
  achievement.

Question 17

social function of emotions: 4 things

Answer 17

1. Communicate our feelings to others (e.g., . Can be
   seen in interactions of infants with caregivers.
2. Influence how others interact with us.
3. Invite and facilitate social interaction. (e.g., a social
   smile says, “I am friendly; I would like us to be
   friends.”)
4. Create, maintain, and dissolve relationships

Question 18

Emotion regulation

Answer 18

Process in which the person
seeks to determine which
emotion is experienced, when it
is experienced, how it is
experienced, and how it is
expressed publicly and
observably

Question 19

emotional regulation strat: situation selection

Answer 19

• Taking action to make one emotional experience more or less likely.
• By selecting one situation rather than another, we predetermine which
  significant life events we will encounter

Question 20

strategy 2

Answer 20

Problem-focused coping,
efforts to establish control
over a situation, and searching
for social support.

Question 21

strategy 3: attentional focus

Answer 21

Rather than changing the situation, one redirects one’s attention within that
situation.

Question 22

attentional focus: 2 sub-strategies

Answer 22

• Distraction is the most common strategy.
• Rumination (i.e., persistent focus) over positive events is referred to as
  “savouring,” and it can produce positive benefits.

Question 23

strat 4: reappraisal

Answer 23

Changing the way one thinks about a potentially emotionallyeliciting situation to modify its emotional impact.
* Reappraisal involves changing the meaning of the situation.

Question 24

emotion regulation strategy 5: suppression

Answer 24

A strategy to down-regulate an already occurring emotional experience,
including any of its components of feeling, bodily activation, sense of purpose,
or expression.

Question 25

2 problems with suppression

Answer 25

Problem #1: Suppression backfires. Trying to suppress an emotion or its
components usually produce more, not less, of that emotionality.
* Problem #2: Suppression is a blunt strategy. What works best in emotion
regulation is a flexible, situation-specific, and situationally-sensitive intervention
effort.

Question 26

mood defined:

Answer 26

Mood or affect is a mild, long-lasting, everyday, low-level, general
way of feeling.

Question 27

mood is a blend of 2 dimension

Answer 27

Valence: the dimension of pleasure vs. displeasure.
* Arousal: dimension of activation vs. deactivation.

Question 28

Everyday mood: positive affect 3

Answer 28

• Pleasurable engagement
• Reward-driven, appetitive
  motivational system (“Go system)
• Approach behaviour

Question 29

Everyday mood: negative effect 3

Answer 29

• Unpleasant engagement
• Punishment-driven, aversive
  motivational system (”Stop system)
• Withdrawal behavior

Question 30

3 benefits of feeling good

Answer 30

prosocial behaviour, creativity, decision making efficiency

Question 31

in response to an emotion-eliciting event the body prepares itself by:

Answer 31

1. Activating the autonomic nervous
   system
2. Stimulating subcortical brain
   structures
3. Expressing a unique pattern of facial
   feedback (e.g., pout lower lip).

Question 32

James Lange’s theory of emotion based on two assumptions

Answer 32

The body reacts uniquely to different
emotion-eliciting events

The body does not react to non-emotion eliciting events. If body changes do not occur,
then the emotion does not occur.

Question 33

two criticisms of James Lange’s theory

Answer 33

Body reactions were part of the body’s fight or flight response
and did not vary from one emotion to the next

The emotional experience was quicker than the physiological
reaction.

Question 34

Emotions and hormones: dopamine

Answer 34

• Dopamine produces strong
  positive emotionality and
  approach motivation

Question 35

emotions and hormones: endorphins

Answer 35

alleviate sadness
and separation distress.

Question 36

Oxytocin:

Answer 36

promotes
contentment, attraction, and
social bonding

Question 37

adrenaline and cortisol support

Answer 37

fight or flight

Question 38

facial feedback hypothesis: felt emotions arise from:

Answer 38

1. Movements of the facial musculature
2. Changes in facial temperature
3. Changes in glandular activity in the facial skin.

Question 39

two versions of the ffh: strong version

Answer 39

facial feedback causes emotion

changing facial musculature to correspond to an emotion will cause the activation of that emotion

Question 40

weak version:

Answer 40

feedback modifies intensity of emotion

Managing your facial musculature into a
particular emotion display will augment
(exaggerate) the emotional experience
caused by a significant life event

Question 41

Universal facial expressions

Answer 41

evidence that emotion-related facial
behaviour has an innate, unlearned
component across all cultures