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biology > B5 > Flashcards

B5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

what is the defining characteristic of a species?

A
  • a group of organisms that have similar characteristics that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
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2
Q

What are some genotype only characteristics?

A
  • gender
  • dimples
  • ability to roll tongue
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3
Q

What are some phenotype only characteristics?

A
  • accent
  • tan
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4
Q

what are some characteristics of both genotype and phenotype?

A
  • height
    -weight
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5
Q

What is a mutation?

A

mutations are changes in the DNA base sequence of an organism

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6
Q

How is mutation caused?

A
  • by uv radiation
  • by ionising radiation
  • some chemicals
  • mistake made during mitosis
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7
Q

what can some effects of mutation be?

A
  • no alteration to phenotype
  • some can cause uncontrollable cell division - cancer
  • some may alter the phenotype but do not affect survival - (e.g tongue rolling)
  • may affect the shape of proteins
  • some can be benefical
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8
Q

what is the difference between discontinuous and continuous variation?

A
  • discontinuous variation has a set number of values it can fall into, e.g blood type
  • continuous variation has value that can be within a max and a min, e.g height
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9
Q

what are the 2 gametes in animals?

A

egg + sperm

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10
Q

what are the 2 gametes in plants?

A

pollen grain + egg

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11
Q

What are advantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • getting variation in the species so new characteristics may be selected which is good if species is struggling
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12
Q

what are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • reproduction is slow
  • few offspring are produced
  • if species has dominant characteristic then this may be lost in natural variation
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13
Q

benefits of asexual reporoduction?

A
  • large number of offspring produced
  • reproduction is much faster
  • clones the parent which is good for a dominant characteristc
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14
Q

costs of asexual reproduction?

A
  • if there is an environmental change then all the plants will be affected as they are all clones and there is no variation
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15
Q

Name 3 differences between mitosis and meiosis?

A
  1. mitosis is much faster than meiosis
  2. mitosis produces 2 identical daughter cells while meiosis produces 4 genetically different daughter cells
  3. the mitosis daughter cells each have 46 chromosomes, while each meiosis cells each have 23 chromosomes
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16
Q

Where does mitosis and meiosis occur?

A
  • mitosis occurs in humans everywhere except the sex organs and exclusively takes place in the bacteria (binary fission)
  • meiosis occurs in the human sex organs
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17
Q

what is meiosis and mitosis used for ?

A
  • meiosis is used for production of gametes
  • mitosis is used by the body for growth and repair
18
Q

Is there any variation in mitosis and meiosis?

A
  • there is variation in meiosis but not mitosis
19
Q

Describe the process of meiosis?

A
  • the genetical material in a cell all duplicates and lines up in the centre of the cell, each corresponding chromosome lined up with each other but maternal and paternal can be randomly on either side
  • the cell splits into two, each carrying 2 sets of each type of chromosome
  • the cell then further splits into two leaving 4 cells with 1 set of each chromosome
20
Q

what is the phenotype?

A
  • the part of the gene that physically appears on the organism
21
Q

What is the definition of a gene?

A
  • a piece of genetic material that controls the expression of the characteristic
22
Q

What is an allele?

A
  • a variation of the gene that displays as version of the characteristic
23
Q

What is the Mendel Tall/Short Experiment?

A
  • crossed tall pea plants with short pea plants, the pea plants were always tall
  • showed that tall was a dominant characteristic
24
Q

What is the definition of a genotype?

A
  • the alleles that a person has for a specific gene/trait
25
Q

For a punnet square what do you write out first?

A
  1. Phenotype
  2. Genotype
  3. Gametes (in circles)
26
Q

What symbols do we use for human reproduction in punnet squares?

A

XY - boys, XX - girls

27
Q

What type of allele is Cystic Fibrosis caused by?

A

recessive

28
Q

What type of allele is Huntingdon’s caused by?

A

dominant

29
Q

What is the general way natural selection is come about?

A
  1. Variations exist in the population due to mutations (random changes in the DNA) which affect characteristics
  2. Advantageous characteristics mean that some individuals will survive/ are more likely to survive longer with time to reproduce
  3. Offspring may inherit this and therefore will be more likely to survive and reproduce, while non-mutated parts of the species are more likely to die and not reproduce
  4. This chain continues as the frequency of the advantageous characteristic increases over time
30
Q

What is evolution?

A

change in the inherited characteristic of a population

31
Q

Why do bacteria evolve more quickly than other species?

A
  • because they reproduce rapidly
32
Q

What did Darwin do on the galapagos islands?

A
  • looked at different types of the same bird, some of which had speciated due to barrier between them and could no longer have fertile offrsping
33
Q

What did Wallace do?

A
  • Wallace found the same theory as Darwin, but went to Indonesian island
  • Darwin published his idea first however
  • he studies caterpillars
34
Q

What are some ways to prove evolution?

A
  1. Fossil Formation/ Ice Freezing
  2. Antibiotic Resistance by bacteria
35
Q

What is extinction?

A
  • loss of all individuals in the same species
36
Q

Should ant-biotics be used for viral infections?

A

No they are ineffective, only work against bacteria

37
Q

What is the divisions in the binomial classification system?

A
  1. Kingdom
  2. Phylum
  3. Class
  4. Order
  5. Family
  6. Genus
  7. Species
38
Q

What is the binomial name?

A

Genus + Species

written underlined

39
Q

What is the definition of classification?

A
  • the process of sorting living organisms into groups
40
Q

What is phylogenetics?

A

study of relationships between organisms and their evolutionary history

biology (7 decks)

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