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psyc*1000 exam w/textbook > human development > Flashcards

human development Flashcards

1
Q

what is developmental psychology?

A

the study of human physical, cognitive, social, and behavioural characteristsics across the lifespan
* how we grow, develop, change
* age groups: infancy, childhood, adolescene, adulthood
* physical development, langauge, social emotional developmnet, cognitive development, moral development

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2
Q

what are some issues/questions that researchers have grappled with?

A
  • Is development continuous or discontinuous?
  • Is development active or passive?
  • Is there one course of development or many?
  • What are the influences of nature and nurture?
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3
Q

what are the research design types in DP?

A

cross-sectional design and longitudinal design

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4
Q

what is cross-sectional design? what is it vulnerable to?

A

examines people of different ages at a given point in time
*vulnerable to cohort effects: differences among people from being born in different time periods

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5
Q

what is longitudinal design? what are the disadvantages?

A

examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time
*costly, time-consuming, vulnerable to attrition

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6
Q

how could you describe the pattern of development

A

development involves sudden dramatic growth and change.
*described by the several stages of human development

NOT gradual, smooth, or linear

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7
Q

does nature or nurture shape development?

A

BOTH are important in shaping development

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8
Q

what is gene-environment interaction?

A

the impact of genes on behaviour depends on the envrionment where behaviour develops

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9
Q

what is development in a historical/cultural/societal context?

A

Transmission of patterns of beliefs, values, customs and skills to younger generations
*changes in society accross generations have effect on development - intergenerational or generational trauma

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10
Q

what are the stages of prenatal development?

A

germinal stage/”period of the zygote”
* spans from conception to 2 weeks
* zygote begins to divide and attaches to uterine lining and placenta forms

embryonic stage
* week 3- 8
* development of major phsycial stuctures in embryo e.g. major systems, organs, structures of body .
* Cephalocaudal and proximodistal development
* embryo attaches to placenta

fetal stage
* week 8-birth
* skeletal, organ and nervous systems become more developed and specialized
* fetus starts to move

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11
Q

what happens in prenatal brain development?

A

development of brain throughout the stages of prenatal development
* nerve cells develop (embryonic stage)
* neural tube develops into brain and spinal cord
* brain structures develop - around week 11 and continue to develop and outer surface develops in second trimester
* myelination begins prenatally and accelerates through infancy and

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12
Q

how many neurons grow per minute during prenatal development

A

250,000 neurons per minute at time from day 18-180

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13
Q

what factors affect prenatal development?

A

environmental influences: teratogens and nutrition

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14
Q

how does nutrition affect prenatal development?

A

malnutrition has consequences such as underdeveloped prefontal cortices and other brain areas w/ self control

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15
Q

what are teratogens and how does exposure to them impact development?

A

teratogens: environmental factors that can exert a negative impact on development
e.g smoking, drugs, alcohol, teledomide (sedative for morning sickness that caused defects), stress

alcohol conumption can lead to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) which involves abnormalities in physical and cognitive development

smoking makes prenature birth more likely

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16
Q

what are preemies?

A

preterm infants: born earlier than 36 weeks
* children born at 25 weeks have a 50% chance of survival
* children born at 30 weeks have 95% chance of survival
* possible short and long term negative effects on psychological and cognitive functioning and with sensory stimulation and autonomic nervous system

*full term gestation is 40 weeks *

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17
Q

what is kangaroo care and how does it help?

A

holding technique for preemies that uses skin to skin contact of parent and preemie

benefits
* Four-fold decrease in apnea: mechanically ventilated babies able to tolerate transfer and position changes without increased oxygen
requirements.
* results in more regular heart rate
* improves survival rates and lowering risks of infection

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18
Q

what are the main parts of sensory development for prenatal/infant development

A

five senses functional at birth but not fully developed

  • 8 months of pregancy: babies can listen and remeber sounds coming from outside the womb
  • 6 months of infancy 20/20 vision achieved and 8 months objects can be percieved
    *hearing is better than vision *
  • can discriminate agasint odour and taste
  • imitate facial expressions - prefer looking at stimuli that look like fases
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19
Q

what are the 2 key processes in synaptic development (starts prenatally)

A

synaptogensis - the forming of new synaptic connections
synaptic pruning - the loss of weak nerve cell connections

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20
Q

what are the main motor developments for prenatal/infant development

A

*motor mildstones influenced by cultural and parenting practices but regardless of when they occur they are achieved in same sequence
* 9th month of pregnancy: infants can demonstrate basic reflexes - sucking and rooting are essential for feeding
* development of motor skills relys on practice

21
Q
A
22
Q

what is the order of infant motor milestones?

A

sitting, standing, walking

23
Q

what are sensitive periods?

A

windows of time when exposure to a specific environmental stimulation is needed for normal development

24
Q

what is cognitive development?

A

the study of changing abilities and processes of memory, thoght, and reasoning processes that occur throughout the lifespan

25
Q

how do the explanations of childhood cognitive development differ

A

they differ in 3 ways
* Stage vs. gradual changes in understanding
* Domain-general vs. domain-specific
* Principal source of learning (physical experience, social interaction or biological
developments)

26
Q

what is piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

A

piaget concluded that there was 4 stages of cognitive development. he thought that cognitive development was more than just repeated assimilation
children construct their knowledge
stage-like theory, domain-general

27
Q

what is assimilation?

A

absorbing knowledge into current structures
“fitting new info into the beleif system you already possess”

28
Q

what is accommodation?

A

process of altering a beleif to make it more compatable with experience
“a creative process whereby people modify their belief structures based on experience”

29
Q

what are the four stages of piaget’s theory of CD, the ages associated, and the description?

A

sensorimotor
ages 0-2: no thought beyond immediate physical experiences.
* object permanence (ability to understand that objects exist even if you can’t see them rn) develops
preoperational
ages 2-7: able to think beyond the here and now, understands physical conservation (quantity vs appearance) and the langaue, symbols, and drawings represent ideas
*but egocentric and unable to perform mental transformations *
concrete operations
ages: 7-11: able to perform mental transformations on physically present objects
* develops skills in logical thinking and manipulating numbers
formal operations
ages 11-adult: able to perform hypothetical and abstract reasoning
* have advanced cognitive processes

30
Q

what are the strengths of piaget’s theory of CD?

A
  • highly influential - change how we think about cognitive development
  • children are not small adults
  • learning is an active rather than passive process
  • exploring general cognitive processes that explain multiple domains of knowedge
31
Q

what are the limitations of piaget’s theory of CD?

A
  • Development is less general and
    more domain-specific
  • Development is more
    continuous and less stage-like
  • Probably underestimated
    children’s competence and
    possibly overestimated adult’s
    competence in some ways
  • Culturally biased methods
    (focused on Western-educated
    samples)
32
Q

what is schema?

A

cognitive structures used to identify and interpret objects, events, information in envrionment

33
Q

what vygotsky’s theory of sociocultural development?

A

cognitive development is inseperable from social and cultural contexts
*may vary from culture to culture *
* includes scaffolding and zone of proximal development

34
Q

what is the zone proximal development

A

difference between what one can do alone or with assistance

35
Q

what is scaffolding?

A

teaching style that matches assistance to learners needs

36
Q

what is piaget’s theory of mind?

A

the ability to understand that other people have thoughts, beliefs, and perspectives that may be different from one’s own

37
Q

what is the core knowledge hypothesis?

A

proposes that infants have inborn abilities for understanding some key aspects of their environment

38
Q

what is habutation and dishabutation?

A

habutation: decrease in responding with repeated exposure to an event
dishabutation: increase in resposiveness with the presentation of a new stimulus

39
Q

what is psychosocial (social and emotional) development in childhood?

A
  • socialization
  • infants develop interest in others after quickly after birth but get stranger anxiety starts at 8-9 months and peaks at 12-15 months
  • development of self awareness (ability to recognize one’s individuality) - contibuted by cognitive, psychosocio development, secure attachment, parenting style, cultural differences
40
Q

what is attachment and the types of attachment?

A

attachment is the emotional bond formed between individuals, initially between infants and care givers

secure attachment
insecure attachment: includes anxious attachment and avoidant attachment
disorganized attachement (instability)

41
Q

what is the strange situation test?

A

measuring attachment by looking at how infants react

42
Q

what was harlow’s experiment

A

looking at attachment in rehesus monkeys

43
Q

what is attachment behavoural system? what is caregiving behavioural system?

A

ABS: focused on meeting own needs for security
CBS: focused on meeting needs of others

44
Q

what is adolescene and emerging adulthood

A

adolescence: 12-25
emerging adultood: 18-35

45
Q

what is physical development in adolescence?

A
  • puberty because of hormonal activity which is under control of the hypothalamus
  • primary sex traits: chnages in body that are part of reporduction
  • secondary sex traits: changes not part of reproduction
  • menarche: onset of menstruation
  • supermarchez; first ejaculation
46
Q

what is cognitive devlopment is adolescence?

A
  • formal operational stage - absract thinking, multiple perspectives, flexible thinking
  • moral development: children leanr what is right and wrong through observation and adolescence come to understand that there is a grey area
    kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning
  • preconventional morality: characterized by self-interest in seeking reward or avoiding punishment
  • conventional morality: regards social conventions and rules as guides for appropriate behaviour
  • postconventional morality: considers rules and laws as relative and more abstractj
    carol giligan: suggested that women base moral decisions on caring for others while men base moral decisions on justice and fairness
47
Q

what is emotional development in adolescence?

A
  • the capacity to regulate emotions is still developing - key to have self control strategies
  • cognitive reframing: important strategy for dealing with emotions when you learn to look at experience through a different frame
  • delaying gratification is to put off immediate temptations to focus on long term goals
  • risk inducing factors are that prefrontal cortex is still developing while limbic area reward system is developed therefore more impulsive
48
Q

what is adolescene social development?

A
  • identity is a clear sense of who you are, who you belong with, and your role in society
  • identity crisis involves curiosity, questioning, exploration
  • peer groups, parents, and romantic relationships are important

psyc*1000 exam w/textbook (6 decks)

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