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Bio 12 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the central nervous system comprised of (CND)

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Purpose of the nervous system

A

Gather information, process it and determine a appropriate response

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3
Q

Sensory input

A

Sensory receptors detect stimuli

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4
Q

Integration

A

How the nervous system processes information

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5
Q

Motor output

A

Activated muscles and glands

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6
Q

What is the PNS for

A

Sensory input: motor output

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7
Q

What is the PNS

A

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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8
Q

How is the PNS and CNS connected

A

The PNS is the communication lines between the CNS and the rest of the body

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9
Q

Motor division

A

Conducts impulses from CNS to effectors

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10
Q

What are effectors

A

Muscles and glands

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11
Q

What is sensory division

A

Conducts impulse from receptors to CNS

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12
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles

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13
Q

Do you have control over the SNS

A

Yes you have control (voluntary) over the somatic nervous system

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14
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Conducts impulses from CNS to cardiac muscles and glands

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15
Q

Do you have control over the autonomic nervous system

A

No control (involuntary)

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16
Q

Sympathetic division

A

Fight or flight

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17
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

Conserves energy, rest and digest

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18
Q

Nervous tissue

A

2 types of cells, neurons, and Schwann cells

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19
Q

Neurons

A

They are cells that conduct impulses

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20
Q

Schwann cells

A

Support cells and nourish them, wrap around neurons, impulses can’t pass through

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21
Q

Cell body

A

Contain nucleus, biggest part of neuron, if damaged the whole neuron dies

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22
Q

Dendrites

A

Branch from cell body, Carey a nerve impulse TO CELL BODY

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23
Q

Axon

A

Long branch from cell body, Carry’s impulses AWAY FROM CELL BODY

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24
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Made of Schwann cells wrapped around the axon

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25
Q

Node of ranvier

A

Gaps of exposed axon between Schwann cells

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26
Q

Axon terminal

A

Ends of axon, does not touch other cells, the impulse jumps the gap to continue

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27
Q

3 types of neurons

A

Sensory, relay, and motor

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28
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Detects stimulus and take impulse to CNS

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29
Q

What do sensory neurons look like

A

The have long dendrites and short axons

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30
Q

Inter-neuron/ relay neuron

A

They interpret sensory information and transmit impulses within the CNS

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31
Q

What do really neurons look like

A

They have long of axons and dendrites

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32
Q

Where are relay neurons

A

Only in the CNS (brain and spinal cord

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33
Q

Motor neuron

A

They transmit impulses FROM THE CNS

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34
Q

What do motor neurons do

A

They send impulses from the CNS to effectors (glands/ muscles)

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35
Q

Where is the cell body of motor neurons located

A

Mostly in the spinal cord

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36
Q

What do motor neurons look like

A

Long axons and short dendrites

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37
Q

What is the order of the 3 neurons

A

1 sensory neurons get stimuli and send the message which is eventually picked up by 2 relay neurons which send the message within the CNS which eventually reach 3 motor neurons which then figure out a response and send it back out

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38
Q

Where are sensory receptors

A

All over but you have many in the skin

39
Q

What are sensory receptors

A

Dendrites

40
Q

What is the CNS physically made of

A

Internurons (relay) no sensory or motor

41
Q

What is afferent

A

Sensory neurons in the PNS

42
Q

What is efferent

A

Motor neurons in the PNS

43
Q

What is a nerve

A

They are a BUNDLE OF NURON PROCESSES ( axons and dendrites)

44
Q

What kind of neurons do nerves have

A

Sensory or motor NO RELAY

45
Q

Where are nerves found and what are they

A

The are ONLY found in the PNS and are a cable bundle of axons and nerve fibres

46
Q

What is a reflex arc

A

It is an involuntary reflex which makes it so you can respond to stimuli quickly without your brain

47
Q

How many step in the reflex arc

A

6

48
Q

What is the first step in the reflex arc

A

Receptor sense high pain and that starts and impulse (affecter)

49
Q

Step 2 in the reflex arc

A

Sensory neurons in PNS send the impulse along the dendrite to the cell body and then along the axon and eventually to the spinal cord

50
Q

Step 3 reflex arc

A

The interneurons within the spinal cord pass the message to motor neurons

51
Q

Step 4 reflex arc

A

The motor neurons pass the impulse the short dendrite to the cell body then along the axon which leads the muscle

52
Q

Step 5 reflex arc

A

The effectors revive the message and reacts to pull away from stimuli

53
Q

Is the reflex arc a conscious arc

A

No

54
Q

Step 6 reflex arc

A

Step 1-5 happen before the brain had a chance to “think” but pain is not felt until brain receives the impulse

55
Q

What is an action potential

A

It is the conduction of an impulse across a neuron

56
Q

Characteristics of impulses

A

Temporary, quick and repeatable

57
Q

Steps of action potential (1)

A

The cell body becomes depolarized due to a signal

58
Q

How does the axon get depolarized

A

First a threshold is reached (-55mv), the Na + gates open and flud in

59
Q

Resting action potential pumps

A

Na+/k+ pump is on so it pumps Na+ out and k+ in (3 Na out 2 K in)

60
Q

Resting potential gates

A

Na+ gate is closed and K + gate closed

61
Q

Where are Na+ and K+ during resting potential

A

Na + outside K+ inside (there are leak channels and that’s why you need the pump)

62
Q

Pumps during depolarization

A

The pump turns off

63
Q

Repolarization pumps

A

The pump is off

64
Q

Repolarization gates

A

Na+ gates are closed and K+ gates are open

65
Q

Why are K+ gates open during Repolarization

A

To help shift the charge

66
Q

Can the neuron conduct and impulse when Repolarization

A

No, necessary the ions are not restored (Na+ and K+)

67
Q

Recovery/ Refactory pumps

A

The pump is on to get the Na + out and K + in

68
Q

Refractory/ recovery gates

A

All gates closed

69
Q

Where are the gates on a neuron

A

All over cell membrane

70
Q

What is salty banana

A

K+ inside and 2x Na+ outside when in resting potential

71
Q

Order of action potential

A

1-resting-2 depolarized-3 repolorize-4 refractory/recovery ( happens all the way down )

72
Q

Saltatory conduction =

A

Impulses are faster in myelinated neuron because they jump from node to node

73
Q

Characteristics of action potential

A

Stimulus must exceed threshold, all are none response

74
Q

What is an all or none response

A

The stimuli must reach a threshold, so all impulses are the same (do different things)

75
Q

How many impulses can happen at once

A

Neurons can have many or one at the same time in different locations

76
Q

What do stronger stimuli do

A

They send repeated impulses

77
Q

Can you stop an impulse

A

No you can’t stop it or send a new one till it’s done sending

78
Q

What is an action potential

A

When a stimulated neuron sends an impulse

79
Q

How do impulses get from one neuron to another

A

Neurotransmitters are sent from one neuron and they lock into receptors on the dendrites of the next neuron

80
Q

How are impulse conducted within the neuron

A

Electrically

81
Q

How are impulses conducted between neurons

A

Chemically

82
Q

Where are neurotransmitters stored

A

In vesicals at the end of axon terminals (axon bulbs)

83
Q

What is the somatic cleft

A

The gap between neurons

84
Q

How are excess neurotransmitters removed from the somatic cleft

A

With enzymatic breakdown by reabsorption so the stimulus stops

85
Q

What is a presynaptic neuron

A

Is is the neuron the impulse is coming from

86
Q

What is the postsynaptif neuron

A

It is the neuron receiving the nerve impulse via neurotransmitters

87
Q

How does the next neuron chemically get the impulse

A

Neurotransmitter receptors take neurotransmitters in

88
Q

How many steps of the transmission across the synapse

A

8

89
Q

Step 1 across the synapse

A

The impulse reaches the end of the axon and is at axon bulb

90
Q

Step 2 across the synapse

A

The depolarization causes the calcium ions to flood into the axon bulb which pull the vesicles to the presynaptic membrane

91
Q

Step 3 across the synapse

A

Neurotransmitters go across the synaptic cleft and activate sodium gates

92
Q

Step 4 across the synapse

A

Sodium floods into the POSTSYNAPTIC membrane and causing the next neuron to depolarize

93
Q

6-7 steps of across the synapse

A

Action potential continues down the postsynaptic neuron

94
Q

Step 8 of across the synapse

A

Enzymes are released to neutralize neurotransmitters in the sympathetic cleft or the neurotransmitters are reabsorbed into axon bulb

Bio 12 (3 decks)

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