taste and olfaction

Question 1

what cranial nerve is near the epiglottis?

Answer 1

X

Question 2

what cranial nerve is near the circumvallate papillae?

Answer 2

IX

Question 3

what cranial nerve is near the fungiform papillae?

Answer 3

VII

Question 4

what cranial nerve affects the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

Answer 4

IXwh

Question 5

what cranial nerve affects the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

Answer 5

VII

Question 6

what are the 5 tastes?

Answer 6

Sweet
Salty
Sour
Bitter
Umami

Question 7

what do taste molecules dissolve in?

Answer 7

saliva

Question 8

what kind of receptors are taste buds?

Answer 8

chemoreceptors

Question 9

what chemical signals happen with the salt taste?

Answer 9

Na influx

Question 10

what chemical signals happen with the sour taste?

Answer 10

H blocks K channel

Question 11

what chemical signals happen with the sweet taste?

Answer 11

glucose activating Gprotein, the cAMP then phosphorylation and blockage of K

Question 12

what chemical signals happen with the bitter taste?

Answer 12

G protein gustducin, inhibit phosphodiesterase and increase cAMP

Question 13

what chemical signals happen with the umami taset?

Answer 13

triggered by amino acids

Question 14

what is the taste pathway?

Answer 14

At the tongue = in the medulla = in the pons = in the ventral-posterior medial thalamus, hypothalamus and amygdala = insular and orbital cortex

Question 15

what 3 types of smells can be used for medical detection?

Answer 15

Infection after surgery = wine
Diabetic coma = apple breath
Arsenic poisoning = garlic body

Question 16

where is odor first detected?

Answer 16

cilia of olfactory receptor. if signal is strong enough it will generate action potential.

Question 17

hwo does odor adaptation occur?

Answer 17

The Ca2 signal controls both excitation and adaptation
Ca2 -CAM binds to the CNG channel, reducing its affinity for CAMP
The extrusion of Ca2 through the activation of Na/Ca2 exchange proteins

Question 18

what did Linda Buck and Richard Axel discover?

Answer 18

odorant receptors and organization of olfactory system

Question 19

what type of neuron do olfactory bulbs contain?

Answer 19

first order

Question 20

are seperate components of an odor seperated into different glomeruli?

Answer 20

yes

Question 21

what cells do the neurons synapse on?

Answer 21

mitral cells

Question 22

what do mitral cells do?

Answer 22

refine the small sense and relays it to the brain for further processing

Question 23

what is the subcortical route?

Answer 23

regions of limbic system - medial sides of temporal lobe (primary olfactory cortex)

Question 24

what is the thalamo-cortical route?

Answer 24

for conscious perception of smell and fine discrimination of smell

Question 25

what is the vomeronasal organ used to detect?

Answer 25

pheromones