Chapter 15: Cognitive Approach

Question 1

man-the-scientist perspective

Answer 1

people constantly generate and test hypotheses about the world

Question 2

personal constructs

Answer 2

cogntive strucutres we use to interpret and predict events

Question 3

What did George Kelly believe was at the heart of most psychological problems?

Answer 3

anxiety

Question 4

Why did George Kelly reject the notion that psychological disorders are caused by past traumatic experiences?

Answer 4

thought it was due to defects in cognitive systems

Question 5

cognitive personality variables (def)

Answer 5

parts of a complex system that links situations to behaviour

Question 6

cognitive personality variables (list)

Answer 6

encodings
expectations and beliefs
affects
goals and values
competencies and self-regulatory plans

Question 7

encodings (variable)

Answer 7

categories/constructs for encoding information about one’s self, other people, events, and situations

Question 8

expectations and beliefs (variable)

Answer 8

expectations for what will happen in certain situations, for outcomes, for certain behaviours, and for one’s personal efficacy

Question 9

affects (variable)

Answer 9

feelings, emotions, and emotional responses

Question 10

goals and values (variable)

Answer 10

individual goals and values, and life projects

Question 11

competencies and self-regulatory plans

Answer 11

perceived abilities, plans, and strategies for maintaining one’s behaviour and internal states

Question 12

self-schemas

Answer 12

cognitive representations of ourselves that we use to organize and process self-relevant information
(consists of behaviours and attributes most important to you)

Question 13

self-reference effect

Answer 13

people recall things better when its related to themselves

Question 14

possible selves

Answer 14

cognitive representations of the kind of person we might become somday

Question 15

What function do possible selves serve?

Answer 15

provide inventives for future behaviour and interpret meaning of our behaviour and meaning in our lives

Question 16

Strengths of Cognitive Approach

Answer 16

empirical basis
fit with current models of psychology

Question 17

Criticisms of Cognitive Approach

Answer 17

• concepts can be too abstract
• do we need to introduce concepts to account for individual behaviour
• no single model for organization

Question 18

psychological field

Answer 18

total sum of all forces and influences that can impact a person’s behaviour
- incorporates situations, culture, and social social elements

Question 19

Personal Construct Theory

Answer 19

no individual uses identical personal constructs or organizes them in an identical manner

Question 20

Describe the nature of Personal construct theory

Answer 20

Bipolar in a dichotomous way
(ie. Friendly-Unfriendly)

Question 21

fundamental postulate

Answer 21

a person’s processes are psychologically channelized by the ways in which he anticipates events

Question 22

individual corollary

Answer 22

persons differ from each other in their construction of events

Question 23

organization corollary

Answer 23

when faced with conflicts, there may be solutions that contradict each other

Question 24

life space

Answer 24

representation of a person’s unique experience and reality
- includes feelings, thoughts, perceptions, goals, and experiences

Question 25

Who published Personal Construct Theory?

Answer 25

George Kelly

Question 26

Benefit of Cognitive Psychotherapy

Answer 26

helps recognize inappropriate thoughts and replace them with appropriate ones

Question 27

Who developed Rational Emotive therapy?

Answer 27

Albert Ellis

Question 28

Basis of rational emotive therapy

Answer 28

people become depressed/anxious/upset due to faulty reasoning and reliance on irrational beliefs

Question 29

A-B-C process

Answer 29

Activating experience
irrational Belief
emotional Consequence

Question 30

What is the goal of rational emotive therapy?

Answer 30

clients see irrational beliefs and identify faults in reasoning
replace irrational beliefs with rational ones

Question 31

Template-matching

Answer 31

our ideas about the world are similar to templates that we place over the events we encounter

Question 32

What did George Kelly think of Freud?

Answer 32

highly skeptical
felt psychology needed explanations of things that happened and a predictive quality

Question 33

How did early behaviourists describe the relationship between stimuli and responses?

Answer 33

a black box