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physio final > Module 3- Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Module 3- Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System

A

acts as the integrating system
-brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

-rapid communication
(1) Sensory division of the PNS; sends info to the CNS through afferent (sensory) neurons
(2) Efferent division of PNS; takes info from the CNS to target cells via efferent neurons

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3
Q

Efferent neurons

A

(1) autonomic neurons; sympathetic and parasympathetic
(2) somatic motor neurons

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4
Q

autonomic neurons

A
  • unconscious, homeostatic response
    sympathetic and parasympathetic
  • controls: cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, exocrine glands/cells, some adipose tissue
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5
Q

somatic motor neurons

A

-conscious movement
controls skeletal muscle

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6
Q

interneurons

A

neurons entirely within the CNS

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7
Q

ganglia

A

clusters of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

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8
Q

nerves

A

bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system
-transmits signals between brain or spinal cord and other body regions

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9
Q

Autonomic (involuntary) nervous system

A

-conveys impulses from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
- 1st preganglionic fiber has cell body in the CNS and synapses with 2nd in the autonomic ganglion
-2nd postganglionic fiber sends signal from autonomic ganglion to the effector organ

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10
Q

spinal cord

A

-links brain and PNS
-controls some involuntary functions
-protected by vertebral column
- 31 pairs of spinal nerves

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11
Q

sympathetic

A

-fight or flight
-excitement, emergency, exercise, embarrassment
-routes energy resources to brain, heart, and skeletal muscles

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12
Q

sympathetic effects

A

-adrenergic effects
-dilates pupils
-increases heart beat and force of contraction
- relaxes airways
-inhibition of digestion and stomach activity
-stimulates release of glucose into the blood; inhibits insulin release from pancreas
-stimulates secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal

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13
Q

parasympathetic

A

-rest and digest
-digestion, defecation, and dieresis
-reduces energy use and directs “housekeeping” activities

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14
Q

parasympathetic effects

A
  • cholinergic
    constricts pupils
  • slows heartbeat
    -constricts airways
    -stimulates digestion and stomach activity
    -increases glucose utilization by liver cells; stimulates insulin secretion from pancreas
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15
Q

sympathetic fibers

A

the sympathetic nervous system has short cholingeric (acetlycholine-releasing) preganglionic fibers and long adrenergic (norepinephrine-releasing) postganglionic fibers

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16
Q

parasympathetic fibers

A

parasympathetic nervous system has long cholinergic preganglionic fibers and short cholinergic postganglionic fibers

17
Q

long distance communication

A

the nervous system achieves long distance communication by combining long distances electrical signals within (along) cells and short distance chemical signals between cells (synapses)

18
Q

neuron structure

A

cell body: organelles
dendrites; receive signals
axon; transmits signals
axon hillock; initiates signals to travel down axon

19
Q

membrane potential

A

unequal distribution of positivities and negative charges across the membrane
-in neurons, is primarily driven by the distribution of sodium and potassium ions

20
Q

resting membrane

A

the membrane potential of cell (neuron) not transmitting signals; roughly -70 mV, polarized, negative

21
Q

leaky channel

A

always open, no gate and not regulated

22
Q

ligand (chemically) gated

A

open in response to a specific chemical (such as a neurotransmitter)

23
Q

mechanical gated

A

open in response to physical deformation of the receptor

24
Q

voltage gated

A

only open in response to specific electrical signals

25
Q

depolarization

A
  • closer to 0mV
    -decrease in potential; membrane less negative
26
Q

repolarization

A

return to resting potential after depolarization

27
Q

hyper polarization

A

-further from 0mV
increase in potential; membrane more negative

28
Q

graded potentials overview

A

-occur in dendrites and cell body
-small, localized change in membrane potential

29
Q

graded potential

A

-the magnitude of change in membrane potential varies with strength of stimulus (greater stimulus = more gated channels open)
-caused by opening of voltage or ligand gates ion channels
-local signal initiated in dendrites, decays with distance

30
Q

graded potential effects

A

can cause depolarization or hyperpolarization

-depolarization; increase in membrane potential, more Na+ diffuses into the cell

  • hyperpolarization; decrease in membrane potential, more K+ diffuses out of cell
31
Q

action potentials

A

-brief, rapid reversal of membrane potential
-begins at the axon hillock, travels down axon (conduction)
-all to none threshold
-initiated by graded potentials

32
Q

action potential phases summary

A
  1. resting potential (Na+/K+ pump)
  2. depolarization (Voltage gated Na+ channel)
  3. depolarization (Voltage gates K+ channel)
  4. Resting potential (Na+/K+ pump)
33
Q

electrical synapses

A
  • electrical current flows from one cell to next via gap junctions

direct; gap junctions; ion flow [CNS: sensory cells to neurons; in btwn cardiac cells; neuron to “non-excitable” effectors (e.g. adrenal medulla)]

34
Q

chemical synapses

A

-chemical neurotransmitter released from presynaptic neuron

indirect; synaptic cleft; neurotransmitters [PNS; MOST common; neuron to neuron; neuron to “excitable” effectors (e.g. muscles)]

35
Q

neurotransmitter receptors are grouped into two major types

A

(1) ionotropic receptors
- ligand-gated ion channels
-fast response
-result in change in Vm
(2) metabotropic receptors
-g protein coupled receptors
-slower response
-can result in Vm
-can result in long term changes in gene expression

36
Q

three major drivers of resting membrane potential

A

(1) sodium-potassium pump
(2) leaky ion channels
(3) cellular proteins

leads to..
-more Na+ outside
-more K+ inside

physio final (8 decks)

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