Unit 11: Erogenic Aids Flashcards

1
Q

What is an “ergogenic” aid?

A
  • any substance, mechanical aid, specialized gear or training method that improves sports performance
  • “Ergo” = work
  • “Genesis” = to generate
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2
Q

What is the main goal of ergogenic aids?

A
  • directly improve exercise performance by manipulating physiological, mechanical, and environmental variables
  • remove subjective restraints that may limit physiological capacity
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3
Q

What are the “types” of erogenic aids?

A
  • Nutrients
  • Drugs
  • Oxygen breathing
  • Blood doping = increase oxygen
  • Hypnosis
  • Stress management
  • Meditation
  • Clothing
  • Extrinsic biomechanical/environmental aids
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4
Q

History of performance enhancement substances knowledge card!

A
  • “The use of ergogenic agents to improve sports performance dates back original the Olympic Games [776 to 393 BC].
  • The word ‘doping’ is attributed to the Dutch word ‘doop,’ which is a viscous opium juice, the drug of choice of the ancient Greeks.”
  • 100 AD - Roman gladiators ingested hallucinogens and stimulants such as ‘strychnine’
    to stave off fatigue, to improve
    the intensity of their fights and tolerate injuries
  • Chariot racers fed their horses substances such as “hydromel”(an
    alcoholic beverage made from honey) to make them run faster
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5
Q

Ergogenic aids can be ____, ____,____, and/or _____.

A
  • physiological
    -psychological
    -physical
    -environmental
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6
Q

History of performance enhancement substances part 2 knowledge card! :)

A

In ancient times, consumption of specific animal parts was indicated to
improve performance associated with that animal or the particular organ
- Dromeus of Stymphalus adopted the consumption of muscle meat in
hopes of improving muscular strength
- Aztecs ate the hearts of particularly brave adversaries in an attempt to acquire their traits of bravery
- In the 19th century, the French concocted “vin mariani”, a drink mixture
of coca leaves and wine, to reduced fatigue and hunger sensation during prolonged activity
- In the late 1800’s, marathon runners frequently drank alcohol during races to increase relaxation and reduce the perception of stress
- 1927 Tour de France: smoking & alcohol

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7
Q

Efficacy issues with research design include, ___, ___, and ___.

A
  1. Amount of substance
  2. Subject characteristics
  3. Task specificity
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8
Q

Amount of substance means ….

A
  • too little or too much may show no effect
  • the “amount” as determined by the subject
    –> individual variability
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9
Q

Subject characteristics means ..

A
  • Training status of subjects
  • May be effective in “untrained” but not “trained” subjects
  • Gender, age and other “non-controlled” variables
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10
Q

Task specificity means …

A
  • May enhance short-term performance but compromise long-term
    performance or vice-versa
  • Endurance vs. short-term events
  • Large-motor vs. fine-motor activities
  • Tasks may not require performance enhancement
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11
Q

What is a “placebo”?

A
  • Inactive substances that look exactly like the active agent but will NOT improve performance
  • Athlete’s belief in a substance may influence performance
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12
Q

Why must an investigator use a placebo treatment to evaluate the effectiveness of an ergogenic aid?

A

–> necessary to validate findings
- the athletes belief in a substance may influence performance

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13
Q

What are “Double-blind studies”?

A
  • neither investigators nor subjects are aware of who is receiving the
    treatment/active agent
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14
Q

Why is creatine considered an ergogenic aid?
How much should someone take if they want to use creatine?

A
  • there is evidence that prove creatine improves performance when other supplements do not
  • 20-25 g/day loading dose (~20% increase in muscle creatine
  • 2-5 g/day maintenance dose (5g/day appears to be safe for chronic consumption)
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15
Q

Little evidence that dietary supplements improve performance with the exception of _____.

A
  • creatine and a few others
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16
Q

Creatine monohydrate supplementation is used to ____ muscle phosphocreatine (PC) levels for ____-term, explosive exercise.

A
  1. increase
  2. short
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17
Q

The more PC levels, the more ___ allowed to be produced.

A
  • ATP
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18
Q

Supplementation increases muscle ____ levels.

A
  • 20-25 g/day loading dose, 2-5 d/day maintenance dose
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19
Q

Supplementation may improve the ability to maintain short duration force and power ____.

A
  • output
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20
Q

Increase in muscle size with creatine is mainly due to ____ instead of ____.

A
  1. water retention
  2. protein accretion
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21
Q

True or False: Creatine increases muscle mass not water retention

A
  • False, only increases water retention
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22
Q

Creatine side effects incldue

A
  • long term adverse effects unclear
    such as kidney problems
  • increase in H2O may decrease performance
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23
Q

Knowledge card about creatine!

A
  • Creatine creates “quick burst” energy and increased strength, which improves your performance without affecting your ability to exercise for longer periods (aerobic endurance). Most athletes who take creatine supplements participate in power sports, including: Bodybuilding.
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24
Q

Does breathing 100% O2 improve performance? Recovery?

A
  • No, There is no improvement in performance or recovery
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25
Q

The ergogenic goal is to inhale pure O2 to ____ Hb O2 saturation to help compete at higher _____, maintain _____, delay _____, and enhance recovery between exercise bouts.

A
  1. increase
  2. intensities
  3. performance
  4. fatigue
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26
Q

When can O2 be administered?

A
  • before exercise
  • during exercise
  • during recovery
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27
Q

Why doesn’t O2 inhalation work at sea level?

A
  • we are already carrying high O2-Hb saturation
28
Q

Gas exchange is favored by gradients …

A
  • at high altitude the gradient is lower therefore O2 can be beneficial
29
Q

Caffeine is an ____ aid.

A
  • ergogenic
30
Q

Caffeine’s proposed ergogenic effects what 3 things?

A
  1. Central nervous system
  2. Heart and skeletal muscle
  3. Mobilization of glucose and fat = can be used; breakdown glycogen so you can use fuel substrate
31
Q

Caffeine’s effects:

A
  • Increased mental alertness/concentration
  • central nervous system stimulant
  • elevated mood
  • Decreased fatigue = sympathetic NS = glycolic release = adrenaline = energy increases
  • Enhanced catecholamine (adrenaline & noreadrenaline) release
  • Improved muscular strength
  • Increased glucose and FFA release
32
Q

Mechanisms by which caffeine may increase FFA mobilization ….

A
  • caffeine stimulates catecholamines which stimulate intracellular signaling: second messengers
33
Q

What will you need for caffeine to be an effective metabolic aid?

A
  • endurance exercise: mitochondrial machinery
34
Q

Caffeine’s effectiveness depends on what 3 things?

A
  1. Individual caffeine status (more is not always better)
  2. Individual variability (tolerability / responsiveness)
  3. Caffeine dosage and administration
35
Q

Caffeine’s effectiveness requires ____ levels.

A
  • illegal
  • ~5-6 cups of strong coffee or 4 vivarin for a 150 pound person
    consumed 2-3 hours before performance
36
Q

Side effects of caffeine include ..

A
  • a diuretic (makes you urinate), induces dehydration and impairs heat tolerance
  • increases nervousness and tremors
  • upsets the digestive system
37
Q

Alcohol is a _____ aid and has ___ effect.

A
  • ergogenic
  • psychological
38
Q

Psychological effect of alcohol causes …

A
  • reduction in anxiety
    -increases self-confidence
  • reduces muscle tremors
39
Q

Source of energy/nutritional value of alcohol …

A
  • CHO levels: marginal
  • Alcohol: no nutritional value
40
Q

Alcohol metabolism is “inefficient” because …

A
  • more O2 needed to metabolize a gram of alcohol than a gram of carbohydrates
    or fat
41
Q

How does alcohol impair performance?

A

—> Negative effects on performance:
- increased heart rate and oxygen consumption
- increased blood pressure and blood lactate
- decrease glycogen content
- increased reaction time
- impaired hand-eye coordination and visual perception
- banned by IOC for shooting competitions

42
Q

Alcohol has the same effect as getting no ____ for 24+ hrs.

A
  • sleep
43
Q

What do blood buffers do?

A

–> Sodium bicarbonate
- buffer the increase in H+ during exercise (pH?)
- improves performances of 1-10 min duration
– may no work while running marathon b/c using fats
- repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise
- No benefit for tasks of > than 1 min

44
Q

What are the 2 common side effects of blood buffers?

A
  1. diarrhea
  2. vomitting
45
Q

What is the optimal dose of sodium bicarbonate?

A
  • 0.3 g/kg body weight-1 (with 1 liter of water)
  • excess of 26 mEq/L can result in metabolic alkalosis
46
Q

Blood buffer products are expensive…

A
  • you can just use bakin goda which is cheaper
47
Q

Amphetamines have a ____ effect.

A
  • Catecholamine-like effect :
    —> increased NT response (releases neurotransmitters)
48
Q

Vo2max is affected by altitude how ..

A
  • decreases with altitude about 1500m
    –> atmospheric PO2 drops to <75 mmHg
    –> drops 8 to 11% per 1000 mt ascent
    –> due to decreased arterial PO2 and Q max
49
Q

Amphetamines cause …

A
  • Increased arousal, perception of increased energy and self confidence
  • Delay fatigue and may improve performance in fatigued subjects
  • No performance improvement in alert, non-fatigued subjects
  • Very effective to stay awake
  • Used as an appetite suppressant
  • Stimulate paranoia!
50
Q

True or False: Amphetamines is a
IOC banned substance

A

True

51
Q

What are “amphetamines”?

A
  • synthetic chemicals based on the structure of adrenaline and noradrenaline
  • can induce similar biological responses, such as acting as a stimulant and crating greater alertness and a feeling of prowess
52
Q

Amphetamines erogoenic goal …

A

-1. “Catecholamine-like” effect (releases neurotransmitters)
2. causes increased arousal perception in increased energy and self confidence
3. delay fatigue and may improve performance in fatigued subjects
4. very effective to stay awake
5. used as a appetite suppressant
6. stimulate paranoia

53
Q

What is the Goldman’s Dilemma?

A
  • athletes asked if they would take a drug that guaranteed sporting success but would result in their death after 5 years
  • 52% (103/198) voted yes
54
Q

Anabolic androgenic steroids and their medicinal uses..

A
  • used as test. replacement in individuals with low test. levels
    –> can restore muscle mass in catabolic states, such as hypogondism (males cant produce test.)
    –> HIV related wasting conditions
    –> muscle wasting conditions
    –> sarcopenia (age related muscle loss)
55
Q

Anabolic androgenic steroids and their performance enhancing effects..

A
  • used as a doping agent
  • banned by sport Governing Bodies
  • commonly self administered except national plans
  • increases strength and body wight due to increase in muscle mass
  • decreases fatigue
56
Q

Steroids are synthesized from _____.

A
  • cholesterol to make test.
57
Q

Steroids can vary in …

A
  1. in the bond within the rings
  2. the number of the CH3 groups attached to the ring
  3. the functional groups attached to the rings, side chains
  4. in the configuration of groups attached to the rings and chain
58
Q

It is important to get fat to get ____ and important to also get ____ and ____.

A
  1. cholesterol
  2. cortisol
  3. testosterone
59
Q

AAS are derived from the _____ molecule.

A
  • testosterone
60
Q

Selected modifications to generate synthetic AAS …

A
  1. removal of C-19 = favors anabolic activity and reduces androgenic activity
  2. OH group = favors androgenic activity and oxidation reduced androgenic activity
61
Q

To test how much test. you have, measure how much is attached to _____ protein.

A
  • binding (globin)
62
Q

True or False: Hormones fluctuate all through 24 hrs of the day.

A
  • true
  • they float around when not needed
  • most testosterone is not active
63
Q

____ is the most common disease people have who use steroids.

A
  • Cardivasucalr disease
64
Q

Performance enhancement via improve athletic equipment include what 3?

A
  1. Cleats
    - Cleats improve performance in most field sports
  2. Running shoes
    - Designed to increase bouncing and running economy
  3. Swim suits
    - Swim suits are able to reduce drag
    - Swim suits can also increase buoyancy
65
Q

Mechanical & environmental aids ….

A
  • Clothing
  • Equipment (bikes, skis, shoes, etc…)
  • Heat and cold application
  • Improved body mechanics (shoes, orthotics)
  • Environment (playing conditions and surface)
66
Q

Psychological phenomena

A
  • Hypnosis
  • Music
  • Performance Enhancement Techniques (PST)
  • Placebo Effect / Superstitions