Unit 11: Erogenic Aids Flashcards
What is an “ergogenic” aid?
- any substance, mechanical aid, specialized gear or training method that improves sports performance
- “Ergo” = work
- “Genesis” = to generate
What is the main goal of ergogenic aids?
- directly improve exercise performance by manipulating physiological, mechanical, and environmental variables
- remove subjective restraints that may limit physiological capacity
What are the “types” of erogenic aids?
- Nutrients
- Drugs
- Oxygen breathing
- Blood doping = increase oxygen
- Hypnosis
- Stress management
- Meditation
- Clothing
- Extrinsic biomechanical/environmental aids
History of performance enhancement substances knowledge card!
- “The use of ergogenic agents to improve sports performance dates back original the Olympic Games [776 to 393 BC].
- The word ‘doping’ is attributed to the Dutch word ‘doop,’ which is a viscous opium juice, the drug of choice of the ancient Greeks.”
- 100 AD - Roman gladiators ingested hallucinogens and stimulants such as ‘strychnine’
to stave off fatigue, to improve
the intensity of their fights and tolerate injuries - Chariot racers fed their horses substances such as “hydromel”(an
alcoholic beverage made from honey) to make them run faster
Ergogenic aids can be ____, ____,____, and/or _____.
- physiological
-psychological
-physical
-environmental
History of performance enhancement substances part 2 knowledge card! :)
In ancient times, consumption of specific animal parts was indicated to
improve performance associated with that animal or the particular organ
- Dromeus of Stymphalus adopted the consumption of muscle meat in
hopes of improving muscular strength
- Aztecs ate the hearts of particularly brave adversaries in an attempt to acquire their traits of bravery
- In the 19th century, the French concocted “vin mariani”, a drink mixture
of coca leaves and wine, to reduced fatigue and hunger sensation during prolonged activity
- In the late 1800’s, marathon runners frequently drank alcohol during races to increase relaxation and reduce the perception of stress
- 1927 Tour de France: smoking & alcohol
Efficacy issues with research design include, ___, ___, and ___.
- Amount of substance
- Subject characteristics
- Task specificity
Amount of substance means ….
- too little or too much may show no effect
- the “amount” as determined by the subject
–> individual variability
Subject characteristics means ..
- Training status of subjects
- May be effective in “untrained” but not “trained” subjects
- Gender, age and other “non-controlled” variables
Task specificity means …
- May enhance short-term performance but compromise long-term
performance or vice-versa - Endurance vs. short-term events
- Large-motor vs. fine-motor activities
- Tasks may not require performance enhancement
What is a “placebo”?
- Inactive substances that look exactly like the active agent but will NOT improve performance
- Athlete’s belief in a substance may influence performance
Why must an investigator use a placebo treatment to evaluate the effectiveness of an ergogenic aid?
–> necessary to validate findings
- the athletes belief in a substance may influence performance
What are “Double-blind studies”?
- neither investigators nor subjects are aware of who is receiving the
treatment/active agent
Why is creatine considered an ergogenic aid?
How much should someone take if they want to use creatine?
- there is evidence that prove creatine improves performance when other supplements do not
- 20-25 g/day loading dose (~20% increase in muscle creatine
- 2-5 g/day maintenance dose (5g/day appears to be safe for chronic consumption)
Little evidence that dietary supplements improve performance with the exception of _____.
- creatine and a few others
Creatine monohydrate supplementation is used to ____ muscle phosphocreatine (PC) levels for ____-term, explosive exercise.
- increase
- short
The more PC levels, the more ___ allowed to be produced.
- ATP
Supplementation increases muscle ____ levels.
- 20-25 g/day loading dose, 2-5 d/day maintenance dose
Supplementation may improve the ability to maintain short duration force and power ____.
- output
Increase in muscle size with creatine is mainly due to ____ instead of ____.
- water retention
- protein accretion
True or False: Creatine increases muscle mass not water retention
- False, only increases water retention
Creatine side effects incldue
- long term adverse effects unclear
such as kidney problems - increase in H2O may decrease performance
Knowledge card about creatine!
- Creatine creates “quick burst” energy and increased strength, which improves your performance without affecting your ability to exercise for longer periods (aerobic endurance). Most athletes who take creatine supplements participate in power sports, including: Bodybuilding.
Does breathing 100% O2 improve performance? Recovery?
- No, There is no improvement in performance or recovery
The ergogenic goal is to inhale pure O2 to ____ Hb O2 saturation to help compete at higher _____, maintain _____, delay _____, and enhance recovery between exercise bouts.
- increase
- intensities
- performance
- fatigue
When can O2 be administered?
- before exercise
- during exercise
- during recovery
