Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOCHEM LEC > PRELIM LEC 3: CARBOHYDRATES > Flashcards

PRELIM LEC 3: CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards

1
Q

Most abundant class of bioorganic molecules on planet earth

A

CARBOHYDRATES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

average human diet should ideally be about _________ by mass

A

2/3 carbohydrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

________ of calories come from carbohydrates

A 45-65%
B 60-65%
C 55-65%

A

A 45-65%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

2 main uses of Carbs (Plants)

A

CELLULOSE
STARCH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

carbohydrates serve as structural elements

A

CELLULOSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

provide energy reserves for the plants

A

STARCH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Empirical formula for many of the simpler Carbohydrates is __________, hence the name ______

A

(CH2O)n; HYDRATE OF CARBON

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Molar ratio of carbohydrates:

A

1:2:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

a polyhydroxy aldehyde/ketone, or a compound that yields polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones upon hydrolysis

A

CARBOHYDRATE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Functions of Carbohydrates

A
  1. a STORAGE FORM OF ENERGY (glycogen)
  2. SUPPLY CARBON ATOMS for the synthesis of other biochemical substances (proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids)
  3. form part of the STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK OF DNA AND RNA MOLECULES
  4. when linked to lipids: structural components of cell membranes and SERVE AS CELL MEMBRANE COMPONENTS that mediate some forms of intercellular communication (also, structural component of many organisms, including the cell walls of bacteria, the exoskeleton of many insects, and the fibrous cellulose of plants)
  5. when linked to proteins: function in variety of cell-cell and CELL MOLECULE RECOGNITION PROCESSES
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

CARBOHYDRATES belongs to a group of molecules known as

A

SACCHARIDES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Classification of carbohydrates on the basis of molecular size as

A

monosaccharides
disaccharides
oligosaccharides
polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

CARBOHYDRATES isomers

A

FRUCTOSE
GLUCOSE
MANNOSE
GALACTOSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

simple sugars; cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler form
smallest unit that make up the carbohydrates
can contain 3 or more carbon atoms;
most monosaccharides have a sweet taste**
Glucose-Galactose-Fructose

A

MONOSACCHARIDES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Occurring monosaccharides are _______

A

D - ISOMERS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Naturally occurring monosaccharides have from ______ carbon atoms; five and six- carbon species are especially common.

A

3 TO 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Example of monosaccharides carbohydrates

A

GLUCOSE
GALACTOSE
FRUCTOSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
  • the most important member of the sugar family
  • main source of calories
  • can cross the blood-brain barrier (can provide nutrients to the brain)

A GALACTOSE
B GLUCOSE
C FRUCTOSE

A

B GLUCOSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

TYPES OF GLUCOSE

A

ALPHA-GLUCOSE
BETA-GLUCOSE
D-GLUCOSE
L-GLUCOSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
  • the OH group of C1 is pointing in the SAME DIRECTION to the CH2OH
  • function as structural substance

A Beta-glucose
B Alpha-glucose
C D - Glucose

A

A Beta-glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
  • the OH group of C1 is pointing in the OPPOSITE DIRECTION to the CH2OH
  • function as primary source of energy

A Beta-glucose
B Alpha-glucose
C D - Glucose

A

B Alpha-glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
  • most abundant and most important from a human nutritional standpoint
  • Often referred as GRAPE SUGAR
    Tastes sweet, nutritious and important component of diet

A Beta-glucose
B Alpha-glucose
C D - Glucose

A

C D - Glucose

23
Q

2 OTHER NAMES OF D-GLUCOSE

A
  • BLOOD SUGAR DEXTROSE - blood contain dissolved sugar
  • 2 hormones: INSULIN and GLUCAGON
24
Q
  • MILK SUGAR
  • D-glucose and D-galactose differ only in the configuration of the –OH group and –H group carbon 4.
  • synthesized from the mammary glands for use in lactose (glucose + galactose)
  • Only found in nature if it is found in combination with glucose to form lactose
  • It is sometimes called BRAIN SUGAR (component of glycoprotein found in brain & nerve tissue)
  • is also present in the chemical markers that distinguish various types of blood

A GALACTOSE
B GLUCOSE
C FRUCTOSE

A

A GALACTOSE

25
Q

D-glucose and D-galactose differ only in the configuration of the _______________________

A –OH group and -H group carbon 4
B –OH group and -H group carbon 5
C –OH group and -H group carbon 6

A

A –OH group and -H group carbon 4

26
Q

GALACTOSE is synthesized from the _____________ for use in lactose
(glucose + galactose)

A

MAMMARY GLANDS

27
Q
  • SWEETEST-tasting of all sugars
  • Found in many fruits, in honey, and root vegetables

A GALACTOSE
B GLUCOSE
C FRUCTOSE

A

C FRUCTOSE

28
Q

FRUCTOSE OR D-FRUCTOSE is also known as ______ and ______

A

LEVULOSE; FRUIT SUGAR

29
Q

Two monosaccharide are joined by a glycosidic linkage (Glycosidic bonding)
broken down by hydrolysis:
o sucrose (fructose + glucose)
o lactose (galactose + glucose)
o maltose (glucose + glucose)

A

DISSACHARIDES

30
Q
  • Produced during starch digestion
  • Common ingredient in baby food and in malted milk
  • Found in molasses which is used to ferment beer

A SUCROSE
B LACTOSE
C MALTOSE

A

C MALTOSE

31
Q
  • made up of b-d-galactose unit and d-glucose unit joined by a glycosidic linkage
  • MILK SUGAR
  • Important ingredient in commercially produced infant formula
  • Pasteurization of milk quick heating that kills most of the bacteria and retards the souring process

A SUCROSE
B LACTOSE
C MALTOSE

A

B LACTOSE

32
Q
  • conversion of lactose to lactic acid by
    bacteria in milk
A

SOURING MILK

33
Q
  • ”table sugar”
  • alpha glucose 1 and Beta 2 fructose bond
  • Found in fruits and vegetables wherein sugar cane and sugar beets have the largest quantities
  • formed by plants and not by animals

A SUCROSE
B LACTOSE
C MALTOSE

A

A SUCROSE

34
Q

usually found associated with
proteins and lipids in complex molecules that have both
structural and regulatory functions.

A MONOSACCHARIDES
B POLYSACCHARIDES
C FREE OLIGOSACCHARIDES
D DISACCHARIDES

A

C FREE OLIGOSACCHARIDES

35
Q

= 3-9 monosaccharides

A

OLIGO

36
Q
  • Is a carbohydrate that contains 3 to 10 monosaccharide units covalently bonded to each other
  • “FREE” oligosaccharides are seldom encountered
  • Complete hydrolysis of an oligosaccharide produces
    several monosaccharide molecules
A

OLIGOSACCHARIDES

37
Q

EXAMPLE OF OLIGOSACCHARIDE

A

RAFFINOSE

38
Q

RAFFINOSE CONTAINS..

A

GALACTOSE
GLUCOSE
FRUCTOSE

39
Q
  • linkage of many monosaccharide units;
  • upon hydrolysis, will yield more than 10 monosaccharides; starch-glycogen-chitin-cellulose
A

POLYSACCHARIDES

40
Q
  • contain only a single type of monosaccharide
  • ex. Glucose molecules
  • it can be branched or unbranched

A HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDE
B HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDE

A

A HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDE

41
Q

-Contain two or more types of monosaccharides
-Ex. Long chain of glucose and fructose molecules
-it can be branched or unbranched

A HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDE
B HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDE

A

B HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDE

42
Q
  • homopolysaccharide
  • excess glucose is converted to starch and stored for later use
  • can be broken down by intestinal enzymes
  • Found in rice, potatoes, wheat, corn
  • Don’t taste sweet; Don’t react with taste buds the same way

A STARCH
B GLYCOGEN

A

A STARCH

43
Q
  • Glucose storage polysaccharide in humans and animals
  • Referred as ANIMAL STARCH
  • Liver cells and muscle cells are the storage sites for glycogen in humans

A STARCH
B GLYCOGEN

A

B GLYCOGEN

44
Q
  • Is the METABOLIC PATHWAY BY WHICH GLUCOSE IS CONVERTED INTO 2 MOLECULES OF PYRUVATE, a chemical energy in the form of ATP is produced, and NADH-reduced coenzyme produced.
    Conversion of glucose to pyruvate is an oxidation process in which NO MOLECULAR OXYGEN IS UTILIZED
A

GLYCOLYSIS

45
Q

metabolic pathways in which molecular oxygen is not a participant (GLYCOLYSIS is an anaerobic pathway)

A

ANAEROBIC PATHWAY

46
Q

pathways that require molecular
oxygen

A

AEROBIC PATHWAY

47
Q

breakdown of glucose into pyruvate or
lactate

A Gluconeogenesis
B Glycogenesis
C Glycolysis
D Glycogenolysis

A

C Glycolysis

48
Q

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

A Gluconeogenesis
B Glycogenesis
C Glycolysis
D Glycogenolysis

A

D Glycogenolysis

49
Q

formation of glucose-6-phosphate from
non-carbohydrate sources

A Gluconeogenesis
B Glycogenesis
C Glycolysis
D Glycogenolysis

A

A Gluconeogenesis

50
Q

conversion of glucose to glycogen for
storage

A Gluconeogenesis
B Glycogenesis
C Glycolysis
D Glycogenolysis

A

B Glycogenesis

51
Q

decomposition/breakdown of fat

A Lipolysis
B Lipogenesis

A

A Lipolysis

52
Q

synthesis of fatty acids from nonlipid
precursors

A Lipolysis
B Lipogenesis

A

B Lipogenesis

53
Q

CARBOHYDRATES range from simple sugars which are basically RING shaped MOLECULES THAT CONTAIN CARBON, OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN, may come alone or in pairs, and can be complex carbohydrates and may connect together to form long chains

T OR F?

A

TRUE

54
Q

the OH group of one mono will link with the H of another mono forming H2O or the water molecule

A

GLYCOSIDIC BONDING

BIOCHEM LEC (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions