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ANAPHY (miss nat) > CARDIO (FINALS) > Flashcards

CARDIO (FINALS) Flashcards

1
Q

The _____ pumps blood

A

heart

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2
Q

______ allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body

A

Blood vessels

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3
Q

FUNCTION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (2)

A
  1. to deliver oxygen and nutrients
  2. to remove carbon dioxide and other waste product
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4
Q

location of the heart

A

Thorax between the lungs
(mediastinum)

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5
Q

a double serous membrane
which encloses the heart made up of three layers

A

Pericardium

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5
Q

helps protect the heart and anchors it to the surrounding structures

A

Fibrous pericardium

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6
Q

Slippery, two-layered serous pericardium

A

Serous pericardium

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7
Q

2 kind of Serous pericardium

A
  1. Visceral pericardium/ epicardium
  2. Parietal pericardium
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8
Q

Part of the heart wall

A

Visceral pericardium/ epicardium

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9
Q

Outside layer lines the interior of the
fibrous pericardium

A

Parietal pericardium

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10
Q

fills the space between the layers of pericardium (pericardial cavity) allows the heart to beat easily in a relatively frictionless
environment

A

serous fluid

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11
Q

3 layers of heart wall

A
  1. Epicardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
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12
Q

o Middle layer
o Mostly cardiac muscle
o consists of thick bundles of cardiac muscle twisted and whorled into ringlike
arrangements

A

Myocardium

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12
Q
  • Outside layer
  • This layer is the parietal pericardium
  • Connective tissue layer
A

Epicardium

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12
Q

o Inner layer
o is a thin, glistening sheet of endothelium
that lines the heart chambers

A

Endocardium

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12
Q

Receiving chambers which assists in
filling the ventricles

A

atria

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12
Q

Four chambers of the heart:

A
  1. Right atrium
  2. Left atrium
  3. Right ventricle
  4. Left ventricle
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12
Q

Divides the atria

A

Interatrial Septum

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12
Q

Right and left side chambers in act as ____

A

separate pumps

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12
Q

Leaves left ventricle

A

Aorta

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12
Q

Discharging chambers/ actual
pumps of the heart

A

ventricle

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12
Q

Divides the ventricles

A

Interventricular septum

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12
Q

This second circuit, from the left ventricle through the body tissues and back to the right atrium

A

Systemic Circulation

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12
Q

This circuit, from the right ventricle (the
pump) to the lungs and back to the left
atrium (receiving chamber)

A

Pulmonary Circulation

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13
Q

Allow blood to flow in only one direction. It is open as blood is pumped through

A

heart valves

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13
Q

Four valves:

A
  1. Bicuspid valve (left)
  2. Tricuspid valve (right)
  3. Pulmonary semilunar valve
  4. Aortic semilunar valve
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13
Q

Leave right ventricle

A

Pulmonary Trunk (right and left pulmonary artery)

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13
Q

Enter left atrium

A

Pulmonary veins (four)

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13
Q

heart valves held in place by ___________ or “heart strings”

A

chordae tendineae

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13
Q

Enters right atrium

A

Vena cava (superior and inferior)

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13
Q

valves between atria
and ventricles

A

Atrioventricular valves (bicuspid and tricuspid valves)

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13
Q

literally, “tendinous cords” anchor the cusps to the walls of the ventricles

A

chordae tendineae

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13
Q

valves between ventricle and artery

A

Semilunar valves
(Pulmonary & Aortic semilunar valve)

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13
Q

Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish the ________

A

myocardium

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14
Q

nourishing circulatory
system of heart:

A
  1. Coronary arteries
  2. Cardiac veins
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15
Q

______ can and do contract
spontaneously and independently

A

Cardiac muscle cells

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15
Q

Blood empties into the right atrium via the ______

A

coronary sinus

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16
Q

Enlarged vessel on the posterior of the heart where the myocardium drains blood

A

Coronary sinus

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16
Q

Coronary arteries major branches:

A

o Anterior interventricular artery
o Circumflex artery
o Posterior interventricular artery
o Marginal artery

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17
Q

This system causes heart muscle depolarization in
only one direction— from the atria to the
ventricles

A

Intrinsic conduction system (nodal system)

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17
Q

____ quarts or ___- gallons per day

A

6,000 quarts or 1500 gallons

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18
Q

composed of a special tissue found nowhere else in the body; it is much like a cross
between muscle and nervous tissue.

A

Intrinsic conduction system (nodal system)

19
Q

Special tissue sets the pace:

A
  1. Sinoatrial node
  2. Atrioventricular node
  3. Atrioventricular bundle
  4. Bundle branches
  5. Purkinje fibers
20
Q

Pacemaker; crescent-shape node of tissue. Located in the right atrium

A

Sinoatrial node

21
Q

node at the junction of the atria and ventricle

A

Atrioventricular node

22
Q

Bundle of His

A

Atrioventricular bundle

22
Q

Contraction is initiated by the _______

A

sinoatrial node

23
Q

Sequential stimulation occurs at other _______

A

autorhythmic cells

24
Q

Events of one complete heartbeat, during which both atria and ventricles contract and then relax

A

CARDIAC CYCLE

25
Q

One cardiac cycle is at ____ second

A

0.8 second

25
Q

Atria ____; ventricles ______

A

relax; contract

25
Q

Diastole = ______

A

relaxation

25
Q

Heart is completely relaxed. Pressure of the heart is low and AV valves are open and
semilunar valves are closed

A

Atrial diastole (ventricular filling)

25
Q

Beats approx. at ___ times per minutes

A

75 times per minutes

25
Q

Systole = ________

A

contraction

25
Q

As ventricular diastole begins, the pressure in the ventricles falls below that in the major arteries, and the semilunar valves close to prevent backflow into the ventricles.

A

Isovolumetric relaxation

25
Q

ventricles remain in diastole as the atria contract, forcing blood into the ventricles to
complete ventricular filling

A

Atrial systole

25
Q

Atrial systole ends, and ventricular systole begins. The initial rise in intraventricular pressure closes the AV valves, preventing backflow of blood into the atria.

A

Isovolumetric contraction

26
Q

The ventricles are completely closed chambers and intraventricular pressure continues to decrease.

A

Isovolumetric relaxation

26
Q

The atria have been in diastole, filling with blood. When atrial pressure increases above intraventricular pressure, the AV valves open, and the cycle repeats.

A

Isovolumetric relaxation

26
Q

The ventricles continue to contract, causing
the intraventricular pressure to surpass the
pressure in the major arteries leaving the
heart

A

Ventricular systole (ejection phase)

26
Q

events of one complete heart beat

A

Cardiac cycle

26
Q

blood flows into
ventricles

A

Mid-to-late diastole

27
Q

blood pressure builds before ventricle contracts, pushing out blood

A

Ventricular systole

27
Q

atria finish re-filling,
ventricular pressure is low

A

Early diastole

28
Q

The first heart sound (lub) is caused by the ______

A

closing of the AV valves

28
Q

The second heart sound (dup) occurs when
the ____ close at the end of
___________

A

semilunar valves close at the end of ventricular systole

29
Q

Amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one minute

A

cardiac output

30
Q

CO = (_____) x (_____)

A

(heart rate [HR]) x (stroke volume [SV])

31
Q

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction. Approx. 70ml per beat

A

stroke volume

32
Q

the more that the cardiac muscle is stretched, the
stronger the contraction

A

Starling’s law of the heart

32
Q

_____ is the most common
way to change cardiac output

A

Changing heart rate

33
Q

Decreased heart rate is caused by

A

o Parasympathetic nervous system
o High blood pressure or blood volume
o Decreased venous retur

33
Q

Increased heart rate is caused by

A

Sympathetic nervous system
 Hormones
 Exercise
 Decreased blood volume

34
Q

Taking blood to the tissues and back

A

VASCULAR SYSTEM

35
Q

the nerves of the sympathetic division of the
autonomic nervous system more strongly
stimulate the SA and AV nodes and the
cardiac muscle itself

A

Neural (ANS) controls

36
Q

can have a
dramatic effect on heart activity such as Epinephrine/Thyroxine

A

Hormones and Ions

37
Q

A number of _______ including age, gender, exercise, and body temperature,
influence heart rate.

A

physical factors

38
Q

BLOOD VESSELS
Three layers (tunics)

A
  1. Tunic intima
  2. Tunic media
  3. Tunic externa
38
Q

a tunic endothelium

A

Tunic intima

39
Q

a tunic composed of Smooth muscle and Controlled by sympathetic nervous
system

A

Tunic media

40
Q

Mostly fibrous connective tissue

A

Tunic externa

40
Q

FACTORS MODIFYING BASIC HEART RATE (3)

A
  1. Neural (ANS) controls
  2. Hormones and Ions
  3. Physical Factors
41
Q

Walls of arteries are the ___

A

thickest

42
Q

Lumens of veins are ___

A

larger

43
Q

_______ are only one cell layer thick to allow for exchanges between
blood and tissue

A

Walls of capillaries

44
Q

Veins use the ____ to
help move blood

A

milking action of muscles

45
Q

CAPILLARY BEDS Consist of two types of vessels:

A
  1. Vascular shunt
  2. True capillaries
46
Q

Skeletal muscle “____” blood in veins toward the heart

A

“milks”

47
Q

a vessel that directly connects an arteriole to a
venule

A

Vascular shunt

47
Q
  • exchange vessels
  • Oxygen and nutrients cross to cells
  • Carbon dioxide and metabolic waste products cross into blood
A

True capillaries

48
Q

pressure wave of blood

A

Pulse

49
Q

pressure at the peak of
ventricular contraction

A

Systolic

50
Q

pressure when ventricles relax

A

Diastolic

51
Q

Pressure in blood vessels _____ as the distance away from the heart _______

A

decreases;; increases

52
Q

BLOOD PRESSURE: EFFECTS OF FACTORS

A
  1. Neural factors
  2. Renal factors
  3. Temperature
  4. Chemicals
  5. Diet
53
Q

Autonomic nervous system adjustments
(sympathetic division)

A

Neural factors

54
Q

Regulation by altering blood volume

A

Renal factors

54
Q

hormonal control

A

renin

55
Q

Heat has a _____ effect; Cold has a _____ effect

A

heat: vasodilation
cold: vasoconstricting

56
Q

gaps in the capillaries

A

intercellular
clefts

57
Q

CAPILLARY EXCHANGE
is due to _____

A

concentration gradients

58
Q

Normal range is ___mm Hg systolic and ___mm Hg diastolic

A

140–110 mm Hg systolic;
80–75 mm Hg diastolic

ANAPHY (miss nat) (7 decks)

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