Group Processes

Question 1

A set of individuals who directly interact over time and
have a shared fate, goals, or identity is known as a _____

Answer 1

group

Question 2

people engaging in a common
activity with little direct interaction with each other

Answer 2

collectives

Question 3

Why do people join groups?

Answer 3

• Need others to accomplish things (e.g., orchestra,
  sports)
• Basic human needs (safety in numbers, reproduction)
  -Social identity

Question 4

Set of expected behaviors

Answer 4

Roles

Question 5

(Bales, 1958): , suggests their are 2 fundamental types of roles
* ________: Helps group achieve tasks
* ________: Provides emotional support
and maintains morale

Answer 5

• Instrumental: Helps group achieve tasks
• Expressive: Provides emotional support
  and maintains morale

Question 6

_____
&
_______
can be formal or informal.

Answer 6

Roles
Norms

Question 7

________ are Rules of conduct for members

Answer 7

Norms

Question 8

The extent to which forces push group members closer
together, such as through feelings of intimacy, unity,
and commitment to group goals

Answer 8

Cohesiveness

Question 9

Group cohesion _______ Group performance

Answer 9

equals

Question 10

Strong
norms and little tolerance
for norm deviating behavior is a sign of a _______

Answer 10

Tight culture

Question 11

Weaker
norms and greater tolerance
for deviant behavior is a sign of a _____

Answer 11

Loose culture

Question 12

“Triplett’s” cyclist research shows that the prescence of others ______

Answer 12

enhances performance on
easy tasks but impairs performance on difficult tasks

Question 13

The Zajonc 3-Step Solution

Answer 13

1. Presence of others: physical
   arousal, energizes behavior
2. Arousal enhances the tendency to
   perform a dominant response
3. Quality of performance varies
   based on the type of task (Easy / Difficult)

Question 14

Zajonc Cockroach Studies includes two mazes

Answer 14

Easy maze: Cockroaches were
faster with audience
Difficult maze: Cockroaches were
slower with audience

Question 15

Whos idea showed that The mere presence of
others is sufficient to produce social facilitation effects

Answer 15

“Mere presence” (Zajonc)

Question 16

The presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when
those others are seen as potential evaluators

Answer 16

Evaluation apprehension theory

Question 17

The presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others distract from the task and create attentional
conflict

Answer 17

Distraction-conflict theory

Question 18

Strategies to Reduce Social Loafing (Group Projects)

Answer 18

1. Limit the scope of the project (smaller components)
2. Keep the groups small
3. Use peer evaluations

Question 18

(Karau & Williams, 1993) suggests that social loafing is global because they found

Answer 18

evident across numerous tasks in
countries around the world

Question 18

A group-produced reduction in
individual output on easy tasks in
which contributions are pooled

Answer 18

Social Loafing
(Occurs during group tasks when
an individual’s effort cannot be
determined)

Question 18

(True/False) Social Loafing is Less prevalent in women than men

Answer 18

True

Question 19

(True/False) Social Loafing Less prevalent in people from collectivist than individualist cultures
2. However, (Hong et al., 2008) found that

Answer 19

1. True
2. Group norm of low productivity in a collectivist
   culture can result in more social loafing

Question 20

The loss of a person’s sense of individuality and the
reduction of normal constraints against deviant
behavior

Answer 20

Deindividuation

Question 21

Contributors to deindividuation

Answer 21

Arousal
Anonymity
Reduced feelings of individual responsibility
Accountability cues
Attentional cues

Question 22

Beaman & Diener found that on Halloween

Answer 22

In Identified vs. anonymous trick-or-treaters, the anonymous ones took more candy that was left out.

Question 23

The reduction in group performance due
to obstacles created by group processes, such as
problems of coordination and motivation

Answer 23

Process loss

Question 24

The increase in group performance so
that the group outperforms the individuals who make up
the group

Answer 24

Process gain
Only happens when
1. Correct answer is agreed upon once presented
2. Work is distributed among subgroups

Question 25

A technique that attempts to increase the production of
creative ideas by encouraging group members to speak
freely without criticizing their own or others’
contributions

Answer 25

Brainstorming

Question 26

(Mullen et al.,
1991) found that when brainstorming

Answer 26

Brainstorming groups only about ½ as effective as the
same number of people working alone

Question 27

(True/False) People who brainstorm think it works, enjoy themselves,
and experienced increased group cohesiveness, But it does not produce better ideas

Answer 27

True

Question 28

The exaggeration of initial tendencies in the thinking of
group members through “group” discussion

Answer 28

Group Polarization

Question 29

The more persuasive arguments we are exposed to, the more
extreme our thinking becomes

Answer 29

Persuasive arguments theory

Question 30

A group decision-making style
characterized by an excessive
tendency among group members
to seek agreement despite possible lack of critical thinking

Answer 30

Groupthink

Question 31

3 Contributions to Groupthink

Answer 31

1. Highly cohesive groups
2. Group structure
3. Stressful situations

Question 32

3 Preventors to Groupthink

Answer 32

1. Avoid isolation (think outside group)
2. Reduce group pressures to conform
3. Establish a strong norm of critical review

Question 33

(Stasser, 1992)
Groups tend to discuss shared information
(known by all/most members) more than unshared
information (known by one/few members)

Answer 33

Biased Sampling

Question 34

A shared system for remembering
information that enables multiple people to remember
information together more efficiently than they could do so
alone

Answer 34

Transactive Memory

Question 35

The best way to achieve something is to set goals that are:

Answer 35

Specific
Challenging
Reachable

Question 36

Prestwich et al., 2012 found that people lost the most weight when they had a _______ , and a _____

Answer 36

1. partner
2. plan

Question 37

A situation in which a self-interested choice by
everyone will create the worst outcome for everyone is know as a _______ ________

Answer 37

Social dilemma

Question 38

A type of dilemma in which one party must make either
cooperative or competitive moves in relation to another
party

Answer 38

Prisoner’s Dilemma

Question 39

Social dilemmas involving how 2+ people will share a
limited resource is known as a

Answer 39

Resource Dilemma

Question 40

A Commons dilemma or “tragedy of the commons” is a social dilemma in which ______ ——

Answer 40

If people take as much as they
want of a limited resource that does not replenish
itself, nothing will be left for anyone

Question 41

Woolley & Fishbach (2019) found that in eating crackers shared or separately people were more likely to be _____ when sharing.

Answer 41

cooperative

Question 42

A negotiated
resolution to a conflict in which all
parties obtain outcomes that are
superior to what they would have
obtained from an equal division of the contested resources

Answer 42

Integrative agreement

Question 42

______ is The belief that whatever one of
them won, the other one lost

Answer 42

Fixed-pie syndrome

Question 43

Kopelman & Rosette (2008) found that when comparing Israel and Hong Kong students in a “take it or leave it” scenario that _______. Showing cultural differences in Negotiation.

Answer 43

Hong Kong students showed more positive