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Z Biomolecules (Biochemistry) > Chapter 8: Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

all chemical reactions that take place in cells to break down or build molecules

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

is a series of linked reactions, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme

A

Metabolic Pathway

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3
Q

types of metabolism

A
  • Anabolism
  • Catabolism
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4
Q

that break down large, complex molecules to provide energy and smaller molecules

A

Catabolic Reactions

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5
Q

use ATP energy to build larger molecules

A

Anabolic reactions

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6
Q

Stages of Metabolism

A

Stage 1: Digestion and Hydrolysis
Step 2: Degradation
Step 3: Oxidation

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7
Q

____ __ ____break down large molecules to smaller ones that enter the bloodstream

A

Stage 1: Digestion and Hydrolysis

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8
Q

______ breaks down molecules to two- and three-carbon compounds

A

Stage 2: Degradation

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9
Q

_____ oxidation of small molecules in the citric acid cycle and electron transport provide ATP energy (electrons are carried by NADH and FADH2)

A

Stage 3: Oxidation

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10
Q

Is the energy form stored in cells.

A

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)

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11
Q

ATP requires…..

A

7.3 kcal/mol (or 31 kJ/mol) to convert ADP + Pi to ATP.

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12
Q

What does ATP consists of?

A
  • adenine (nitrogen base),
  • a ribose sugar
  • Three phosphate groups
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13
Q

The hydrolysis of ATP to ___ releases __ ____ (31 kJ)/mole.

A
  • ADP
  • 7.3 kcal
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14
Q

The hydrolysis of ADP to ___ releases 7.3 kcal (___ ___)/mole.

A
  • AMP
  • 31 kJ)/mole.
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15
Q
  • Used in anabolic reactions
  • The energy-storage molecule.
  • Coupled with energy-requiring reactions
A

ATP

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16
Q

Hydrolysis products

A

ADP + Pi

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17
Q

often associated with the loss of H atoms

A

Oxidation

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18
Q

is associated with the gain of H atoms

A

Reduction

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19
Q

3 coenzyme in metabolism

A
  • NAD+
  • FAD
  • Coenzyme A
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20
Q

Abbreviation of NAD+

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

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21
Q

Participates in reactions that produce a carbon-oxygen double bond (C=O)

A

NAD+

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22
Q

NAD+ is reduced when an oxidation provides…

A

2H+ and 2e-

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23
Q

Contents of NAD+

A
  • ADP
  • Ribose
  • nicotinamide
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24
Q

Participates in reactions that produce a carbon carbon double bond (C=C).

A

FAD

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25
Q

Abbreviation for FAD

A

flavin adenine dinucleotide

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26
Q

FAD is reduced to…

A

FADH2

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27
Q

contents of FAD

A
  • ADP
  • Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
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28
Q

WHat does Coenzyme A consists?

A
  • pantothenic acid (vitamin B5)
  • phosphorylated
    ADP
  • aminoethanethiol
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29
Q

Used to transfer acetyl groups.

A

Coenzyme A

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30
Q

WHere does Stage 1, Digestion of Carbohydrates begin?

A

In the mouth

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31
Q

Stage 1, Begins in the mouth where ____ ____ breaks down polysaccharides to ____ _____ (dextrins), ____, and some ____.

A
  • salivary amylase
  • smaller polysaccharides
  • maltose
  • Glucose
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32
Q

Stage 1 Continues in the ___ ____ where ____ ____ hydrolyzes ____ to maltose and glucose.

A
  • small intestine
  • pancreatic amylase
  • dextrins
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33
Q

Stage 1. Hydrolyzes ____, ____, and ____ to monosaccharides, mostly glucose, which enter the ______ for transport to the cells

A
  • maltose, lactose, and sucrose
  • bloodstream
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34
Q

Stage 2: ______

A

Glycolysis

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35
Q

Stage 2:Glycolysis Is a metabolic pathway that uses ____, a digestion product.

A

glucose

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36
Q

what does Glycolysis breaks down/degrade?

A

glucose (6C) molecules to pyruvate (3C) molecules

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37
Q

Glycolysis is an _____ process

A

anaerobic

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38
Q

Pyruvate products in Aerobic conditions in humans, animals and microorganisms

A

Acetyl CoA

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39
Q

Pyruvate products in Anaerobic conditions in humans, animals and microorganisms

A

Lactate

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40
Q

Pyruvate products in Anaerobic conditions in some microoganisms

A

Ethanol

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41
Q

Where does pyruvate anaerobic conditions occurs?

A

In the mitochondria

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42
Q

Under aerobic conditions (oxygen present),
▪ Three-carbon pyruvate is ________

A

decarboxylated

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43
Q

Under anaerobic conditions (without oxygen),
▪ Pyruvate is

A

reduced to lactate

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44
Q

Lactate in muscle

A

During strenuous exercise,
▪ Oxygen in the muscles is depleted.
▪ Anaerobic conditions are produced.
▪ Lactate accumulates.
▪ Muscles tire and become painful.

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45
Q

Occurs in anaerobic microorganisms such as yeast

A

Fermentation

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46
Q

Fermentation
▪ Regenerates ____
to continue glycolysis.

A

NAD+

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47
Q

The first step in conversion of pyruvate to ethanol is a ______ reaction to produce _____.

A
  • decarboxylation
  • acetaldehyde
48
Q

Substances that remove or add H atoms in oxidation and reduction reactions

A

Coenzymes

49
Q

Stage 3 in digestion of carbohydrates

A

Citric acid cyle

50
Q

Operates under aerobic conditions only.

A

CItric acid cycle

51
Q

Oxidizes the two-carbon acetyl group in acetyl
CoA to 2CO2

A

Citric acid cycle

52
Q

Are oxidized and reduced as hydrogen and/or electrons are transferred from one carrier to the next.

A

Electron carriers

53
Q

Examples of electron carriers

A
  • FMN
  • Fe-S clusters
  • Coenzyme Q
  • cytochromes.
54
Q

electron carrier AH2

A

reduced

55
Q

electron carrier A

A

oxidized

56
Q

electron carrier B

A

oxidized

57
Q

electron carrier BH2

A

reduced

58
Q

Accept hydrogen and electrons from the reduced coenzymes

A

Electron carriers

59
Q

abrreviation of FMN

A

Flavin mononucleotide

60
Q

Accepts 2H+ + 2e- to form reduced coenzyme FMNH2.

A

FMN Coenzyme

61
Q

FMN Coenzyme Accepts 2H+ + ___ to form reduced coenzyme _____.

A
  • 2e-
  • FMNH2.
62
Q

Contains flavin, ribitol,and phosphate.

A

FMN coenzyme

63
Q

what does FMN coenzyme contains?

A
  • Flavin
  • Ribitol
  • Phosphate
64
Q

Are groups of proteins containing iron ions and sulfide.

A

Fe-S clusters

65
Q

Fe-S clusters accept electrons to reduce Fe3+ to ___.

A
  • Fe2+
66
Q

Fe-S clusters lose electrons to re-oxidize Fe2+ to ___.

A

Fe3+

67
Q

A mobile electron carrier derived from quinone

A

Coenzyme Q (Q or CoQ)

68
Q

CoQ, is reduced when the ___ ____ accept 2H+ and 2e-.

A
  • keto groups
  • 2e
69
Q

Reduced form of Coenzyme Q.

A

CoQH2 or QH2

70
Q

▪ Proteins containing
heme groups with
iron ions

A

Cytochromes

71
Q

Uses electron carriers.

A

Electron transport

72
Q

Electron transport transfers ____ ions and electrons from ____
and ____ until they combine with oxygen

A
  • hydrogen
  • NADH
  • FADH2
73
Q

ATP energy from glucose. The complete oxidation of glucose yields…

A

6 CO2
2 H2O
32 ATP

74
Q

ATP from two pyruvate under aerobic conditions

A

▪ 2 pyruvate are oxidized to 2 acetyl CoA and 2 NADH.
▪ 2 NADH enter electron transport to provide 5 ATP.

75
Q

break fat globules into smaller particles called micelles in the small intestine.

A

Bile salts

76
Q

hydrolyze ester bonds to form monoacylglycerols and fatty acids, which recombine in the intestinal lining

A

Pancreatic lipases

77
Q
A
78
Q

transport the triacylglycerols to the cells of the heart, muscle, and adipose tissues

A

Chylomicrons

79
Q

Breaks down triacylglycerols in adipose tissue.
- Forms fatty acids and glycerol.

A

Fat Mobilization

80
Q

Beta-oxidation of fatty acids reactions

A

Reaction 1: Dehydrogenation
Reaction 2: Hydration
Reaction 3: Oxidation
Reaction 4: Cleavage

81
Q

used peripherally as an energy source when glucose is not readily available

A

Ketone bodies

82
Q

Where are ketone bodies produced?

A

mostly in the liver

83
Q

Where are ketone bodies transported?

A

Cells in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle

84
Q

a metabolic pathway that produces ketone bodies

A

Ketogenesis

85
Q

occurs in diabetes, diets high in fat, and starvation

A

Ketosis

86
Q

acetoacetate produces acetone

A

decarboxylation

87
Q

acetoacetate produces β- hydroxybutyrate

A

Reduction

88
Q

Where does digestion of proteins (stage 1) begins?

A

In the stomach

89
Q

Begins in the stomach where HCl in stomach acid activates pepsin to hydrolyze ____ ___

A
  • pepsin
  • peptide bond
90
Q

Digestion of proteins, continues in the ____ ____ where _____ and
_____hydrolyze peptides to amino acids

A
  • small intestine
  • trypsin
  • chymotrypsin
91
Q

Digestion of protein is _____ as amino acid enter the _____ for transport to cell

A
  • complete
  • bloodstream
92
Q

In ATP Synthase
Protons _____ _____ to
the _____ through a channel in the __ ____

A
  • flow back
  • matrix
  • F0complex
93
Q

In ATP synthase
- Proton flow provides the energy that drives____ _____ by the ___ _____.

A
  • ATP synthesis
  • F1 complex
94
Q

F1 complex of ATP synthase: Center subunit (y)

A

surrounded by three protein subunit:
- loose (L)
- tight (T)
- open (O)

95
Q

F1 complex of ATP synthase: energy flow

A

Energy from the proton flow through F0 turns the center subunit (y)

96
Q

During ATP synthesis: ADP

A

ADP and Pi enter the loose L site

97
Q

During ATP synthesis: Center subunit

A

The center subunit turns changing L site to a tight T conformation

98
Q

During ATP synthesis

A

ATP is formed in the T site where it remains
strongly bound.

99
Q

During ATP synthesis: After ATP

A

The center subunit turns changing the T site to an open O site, which releases the ATP

100
Q

Contains subunits for ATP synthesis.

A

F1 Complex

101
Q

Contains the channel for proton flow.

A

F0 complex

102
Q

he subunit in F1 that binds ADP and Pi.

A

L site

103
Q

The subunit in F1 that releases ATP

A

O site

104
Q

The subunit in F1 where ATP forms.

A

T site

105
Q

ATP energy from glucose: complete oxidation of glucose

A

▪ 6 CO2
▪ 6 H2O
▪ 32 ATP

106
Q

Aerobic conditions: Complete oxidation of glucose

A

32 ATP

107
Q

Aerobic conditions: FADH2

A

1.5 ATP

108
Q

Aerobic conditions: Acetyl CoA in citric acid cycle

A

10 ATP

109
Q

Aerobic conditions: NADH

A

2.5 ATP

110
Q

Aerobic conditions: Pyruvate decarboxylation

A

2.5 ATP

111
Q
  • Amino acids are degraded in the liver
  • The reaction is catalyzed by a transaminase or
    aminotransferase.
A

Transamination

112
Q

▪ Removes the amino group as an ammonium ion from glutamate.
▪ Provides a-ketoglutarate for transamination.

A

Oxidative deamination

113
Q

▪ Detoxifies ammonium ion from amino acid degradation

A

Urea Cycle

114
Q
  • Large amounts of acetyl CoA accumulate
  • Two acetyl CoA molecules combine to form acetoacetyl CoA
A

ketogenesis

115
Q

where does ketosis occurs?

A

In diabetes, diets high
in fat, and starvation

Z Biomolecules (Biochemistry) (12 decks)

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