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Neuro 321 > Chapter 10 Midterm 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Midterm 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Music likely evolved from what?

A

From earlier communication systems

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2
Q

When did the species of homosapiens come to modern form?

A

100,000-250,00 years ago

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3
Q

Music served as a what to our species?

A

A protolanguage

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4
Q

Why do we know that music mattered in our early history?

A

Because creating instruments would have required large investments in time, energy, skill and resources, so therefore music mattered to the people that made it

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5
Q

We made tools to make?

A

tool- instruments

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6
Q

Language and music allow us to do what?

A

Organize and interact socially

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7
Q

Does language itself require auditory input? Why?

A

No, sign language- requires visual input

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8
Q

Are ancient egypt and bablyon actually ancient civilizations?

A

No, the word ancient was coined by historians who though we came about 5,000 yrs ago but we didn’t, these civilizations are built on civilizations.

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9
Q

What structure does the oral language of every known culture follow?

A

similar basic syntax

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10
Q

Do people in all cultures make and enjoy music?

A

yes

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11
Q

What came first music or language?

A

Music

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12
Q

Is language an extinct?

A

yes, same as walking

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13
Q

How are waves of sound generated?

A

For example, tuning fork gets striked, this compresses air molecules, then rarefication (decompression) occurs and waves travel out

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14
Q

What are trouhgs and peaks?

A

High part of wave is peaks, low part is troughs

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15
Q

What is a hertz?

A

the cycles per second

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16
Q

What are the basic properties of sound?

A

Frequency (pitch perception)- is how many cycles per second occurs
Amplitude (perception of loudness)- is the height of the waves peaks
Complexity (Timbre)- is a mixture of frequencies

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17
Q

What determines the pitch of a sound?

A

if it’s high frequency- high pitch
if its low frequency- low pitch

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18
Q

What determines the loudness of a sound?

A

High amplitude- loud sound
Low- amplitude- soft sound

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19
Q

What determines the timbre/complexity of a sound?

A

Is a mixture of frequencies, if one frequency it’ll be pure if a mixture it’ll be complex

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20
Q

What is a power analysis?

A

Breaking down complex waves into it’s different amplitude and frequencies to see how much of the sound is at 2 hertx versus seven hertz etc

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21
Q

Musical instruments put out pure or complex sounds?

A

complex

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22
Q

Bats can hear upto how many hertz?

A

115 kilohertz

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23
Q

Are humans or dogs hearing range better?

A

dogs

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24
Q

As humans age what frequencies do they lose first?

A

the higher ones

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25
Q

Can humans detect vibrations lower than what we can hear?

A

Yes, through somatosensation- is bass

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26
Q

Why do whales and dolphins have such a large range of hearing?

A

because they rely on the auditory system more cause they can’t see in the water

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27
Q

Can humpbacks communicate between different populations such as the Hawaiian and mexico populations?

A

Yes, over oceans, they communicate over their own breeding grounds with low frequency sounds

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28
Q

Is there overlaps between the auditory and visual systems? How is it affected when there’s impairments to the visual system?

A

yes! Even more so if there’s impairments to the visual system which turns over the part of the neocortex that controls visual to auditory

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29
Q

What part of brain lights up as the echolocated kid makes clicks? How is this related to bats?

A

the visual system, the bats can “hear” 115 Khz might actually be seeing the sounds

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30
Q

Sounds louder than _____ over a prolonged time cause damage?

A

Over 100 dB

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31
Q

Who is Pete Townsend?

A

Is a rocker that went deaf cause he played rock music for so long

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32
Q

In auditory system what role do inner hair cells play?

A

detectors of sound

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33
Q

Normal speech is how many decibels? Chainsaws? Rock band? Rocket?

A

30-40 db
around 80 dp
rock band- 120-140 db
rocket 160-180 db

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34
Q

When an inner hair cell dies can you bring them back?

A

No, when they’re gone they’re gone

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35
Q

If you have a few hair cells can yu amplify sound?

A

yes, hearing aids

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36
Q

After going to a very loud event should you go into pure silence?

A

No! Should be in environment with some sounds because you want cells to work a bit to keep them healthy

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37
Q

What happened to J.E?

A

Hurt auditory system and got tinnitus by shooting guns again and again

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38
Q

What are the two types of tinnitus?

A

objective and subjective

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39
Q

What is objective tinnitus?

A

There is a an actual ringing in you ear

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40
Q

What is subjective tinnitus?

A

Is when you hear ringing but there is no actual auditory input

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41
Q

When you don’t interact with people what happens to tinnitus?

A

The tinnitus goes away

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42
Q

Does taking aspirin cause tinnitus?

A

Yes

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43
Q

What kind of tinnitus do people have if their near the ocean?

A

they hear waves crashing, tells you their a learned component

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44
Q

What is the best way to deal with tinnitus?

A

distraction

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45
Q

What analyzes speech for meaning?

A

left temporal lobe

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46
Q

What analyzes musical sounds for meaning?

A

right temporal lobe

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47
Q

Does language cause communication or facilitate it? why?

A

facilitate it, because animals can communicate without language

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48
Q

Does music effect and regulate our emotions?

A

yes

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49
Q

What sounds are perceived as a buzz?

A

nonspeech and nonmusical noise produced at a rate of about five segments per second

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50
Q

What is the order of normal speed of speech?

A

8-10 seconds per segment

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51
Q

The difference between music and language is what?

A

timing

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52
Q

How do we hear variations of a sound as if they were identical?

A

can hear two sounds and know that they are the same note form different instruements

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53
Q

Do young mammals have preference for female or male voices?

A

female raise children

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54
Q

Why is learning a foreign language later in life more difficult?

A

The auditory system has a mechanism for categorizing sounds as the same
despite small differences in pronunciation, a younger auditory system can
Also people don’t know when words end and start

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55
Q

Where is the cochlea?

A

Under the eye

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56
Q

What amplifies vibrations onto the oval window? Altogether what is it called?

A

Hammer
Anvil
Stirrup
Together the ossicles

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57
Q

How can you hear sound?

A

The pinna catches sound waves and deflects them into the external ear canal
the waves are amplified and then hit the ear drum, causing it to vibrate
This then vibrates the ossicles
Ossicles amplify and convey vibrations to the oval windows
Vibration of the oval window sends waves through cochlear fluid
This causes the basilar and tectorial membranes to bend
Which then causes cila of inner hair cells to bend, this bending generates action potentials

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58
Q

What does the outer ear include?

A

the external ear canal
eardrum

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59
Q

What does the middle ear include?

A

ossicles and semicircular canals

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60
Q

What does the inner ear include?

A

the cochlea and the auditory nerve

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61
Q

What is the stirrup?

A

Is connects ossicles to oval window

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62
Q

What are semicircular canals?

A

are past oval window

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63
Q

What is cochlea?

A

are near semicircular canals

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64
Q

What is the last part of the ear system?

A

The auditory nerve

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65
Q

Draw the ear, roughly

A

compare to slide 11

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66
Q

Where are the basilar and tectorial membranes located?

A

organ of corti

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67
Q

Where is the organ of corti located?

A

In cochlea

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68
Q

How many hair cells are in a single auditory receptor?

A

3500

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69
Q

How many outer hair cells do we have?

A

12,000

70
Q

What do the outer hair cells do?

A

Change the stiffness of the tectoral membrane which sharpens the resolving power of the cochlea

71
Q

How do cilia on inner hair cells bend?

A

the basilar membrane moves in response to sound waves, this creates a shearing force that bends cilia near the tectorial membrane,

72
Q

How does cilia hairs bending generate action potentials?

A

Movement of cilia towards the tallest cilia, causes calcium influx and relases neurotransmitter, so nerve impulses increase
Movement of cilia towards the shortest cilia hyperpolarizes the cell, less neurotransmitter release

73
Q

Where do we hear high frequencies in the cohlea?

A

at the base, near the oval window

74
Q

Where do we hear low frequnecies in the cochlea?

A

at the thin apex, end of cochlea

75
Q

What kind of frequency of sound waves cause peak bending of the basilar membrane?

A

medium frequencies

76
Q

What is otoacoustic emissions?

A

auditory system makes sounds and creates outputs from ears, the system makes sounds in response to sounds (evoked emissions)

77
Q

What are spontaneous otoacoustic emissions?

A

Occur without external stimulation

78
Q

What are autoacoustic emisison test?

A

putting probe in ear that has a speaker that emits sounds and a microphone to record the otoacoustic emissions to determine if ear is functioning properly

79
Q

Is the otoacoustic emission test standard practice?

A

yes in alberta

80
Q

Why is deafness higher in first nations?

A

Because meningitis is higher in reservations due to them not being to trust modern medicine

81
Q

When the cochlear nerve is excited what does it do?

A

It biforcates and sends synaptic connects to the ventral cochlear nucleus and dorsal cochlear nucleus

82
Q

If the synaptic connections go to the ventral cochlear nucleus what happens?

A

It crossed and go to the olivary complex and then to the trapezoid body in the right side of brain

83
Q

Where does auditory information biforcate again? Outside of the cochlear nerve?

A

At the thalamus, goes back to left side

84
Q

Are thalamuses true on each side of the brain?

A

yes

85
Q

What is a dichotomous listening test?

A

is a test where words are repeated in both ears, whichever word you can repeat shows which hemisphere you have language in

86
Q

Where do auditory inputs cross in the brain?

A

They cross to the opposite side in the hindbrain

87
Q

Is there recrossing of information in the brain? Why?

A

Yes, so that information from both ears reaches both hemispheres

88
Q

How many nuclei are en route to the neocortex?

A

multiple

89
Q

Where does the primary auditory cortex lie?

A

In the Heschl’s gyrus

90
Q

Where does the secondary cortex lie?

A

It surrounds A1

91
Q

Where is Wernickes area?

A

is the cortex of the left planum

92
Q

What does the cortex of the right hemisphere Heschls gyrus have?

A

special roles in analyzing music

93
Q

Is the auditory cortex lateralized?

A

yes! in right handed people the A1 cortex is larger in the right hemisphere, if lefties it’s the mirror opposite or different

94
Q

What is the planum temporale?

A

Is the part of the secondary auditory cortex thats behind heschls gyrus

95
Q

What is auditory tonotopic organization?

A

Is the notion that areas in the auditory cortex corespond to low freuencies and as you move across it it correpsonds to high frequencies

96
Q

Does everybody have the same tonotopic organization?

A

No sometimes, they have opposite organization

97
Q

What does the rare case sin tonotopic organization tell us?

A

that the organization isnt genetically inherited but having an organization is

98
Q

What features of the cochlea make certain areas correspond to high frequencies?

A

a narrow thick base

99
Q

What features of the cochlea make certain areas correspond to low frequencies?

A

a wide thin apex

100
Q

What is a tuning curve?

A

Is recording of neurons after playing sounds of different frequnecies

101
Q

What can different tuning curves of different axons tell you?

A

If there’s different peak sensitivities this tells you there’s tonotopic organization, you need a much smaller sound at some frequencies compared to other ones

102
Q

What two tests are done to indetify deafness?

A

acoustic emission test
auditory brainstem response (takes recording from brainstem after auditory input)

103
Q

What is one of the most common reasons of deafness?

A

failure of inner hair cells to work

104
Q

What does the cochlear implant do?

A

A wire goes in and around cochlea with electrodes contacting it, when current passes it’ll excite the auditory nerve
the coil detects the vibrations, the audioprocesser takes the wave form and turns it into sin waves and then delivers electric currents at each frequency and then sends currents to each individual contsct point and excites the auditory nerve which is done through a magnetic port

105
Q

Is the port magnetic?

A

yes to the coil

106
Q

Why must a child be at least one to get a cochlear impant?

A

because the skull has to be formed enough to get the coil and magnet in the skull

107
Q

How do adults with cochlear implants interpret music?

A

they say it’s robotic

108
Q

Why is it not advised to sign near deaf kids before cochlear implants?

A

because signing is easy so they’ll prefer to sign instead of using language

109
Q

Can our auditory system do things unconsciously that our visual system does?

A

yes, can without looking at the boat on an ocean can tell which way it’s going if it’s going fast etc

110
Q

How do we detect locations of sounds?

A

The auditory system uses tiny differences in the time it took for the sound to reach each ear (ITD) and the difference in intensity of each sound (IID) at each ear to locate the sound

111
Q

What does ITD stand for, what does IID stand for?

A

ITD- interoral time difference
IID- stands for interoral intensity difference

112
Q

Do we hear two or one sounds when we’re detecting location?

A

One sound

113
Q

What are the hemispheric differences in an owls skull, why does it have this?

A

One ear faces up and the other faces down makes one ear more sentive to sounds above and the other below

114
Q

music is located in which hemisphere?

A

right

115
Q

Language is located in which hemisphere?

A

left

116
Q

What does the ventral pathway do in audition?

A

Decodes spectrally complex sounds , decodes the meaning of speech sounds for people- controls recognition

117
Q

What does the dorsal pathway do in audition?

A

Dorsal auditory stream integrates auditory and somatosensory
information to control speech production- controls action

118
Q

What do all languages have in common?

A

All languages have common structural characteristics
stemming from a genetically determined constraint

119
Q

Whats the difference between pinker and chomsky?

A

Pinker argued language was an instinct and founded linguistics in evolution, chomsky did not and couched theories of grammer in learning it

120
Q

What is the sensitive period for language acquisition?

A

about 1 to 6 years of age

121
Q

What structural elements does language have in common?

A

syntax and grammar

122
Q

will infants create language even if they’re not taught?

A

yes

123
Q

What area is responsible for word comprehension?

A

Wernicke’s area, in primary auditory cortex

124
Q

What’s eloquent cortex?

A

cortex that you don’t want removed or have damage to cause they’re so critical to function

125
Q

What is Broca’s area?

A

is where motor programs are stored, moves lips and larynx and pharynx

126
Q

Why are areas called broca and Wernicke’s?

A

Cause those people found them

127
Q

What gives us a lot of info on how brain works?

A

gun shot wounds, or car accidents cause it would take out parts of brain while the people were still alive

128
Q

What is the arcuate fascilus?

A

It connects Wernicke’s and brocas area

129
Q

How does speaking work?

A

you think of something, that potential goes to wernickes area, then goes to brocas, then to the facial area of the motor cortex, and then to the cranial nerves, and then you speak.

130
Q

Why can you still process language if you only have half of the wernickes area

A

because this ability is distributed in wernickes area, but localized to that area in the brain

131
Q

What is aphasia?

A

Inability to speak or comprehend language despite having
normal comprehension or intact vocal mechanisms

132
Q

What is broca’s aphasia?

A

inability to speak fluently despite
having normal comprehension and intact vocal
mechanisms.

133
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

inability to understand or produce
meaningful language even though the production of
words is still intact.

134
Q

What did penfield discover?

A

that direct simulation to
the auditory and language areas of a conscious person disrupted speech production the human brain

135
Q

Where can transient aphasia be?

A

transient aphasia can be in motor and sensory cortex

136
Q

What does PET scans stand for?

A

Positron Emission Tomography

137
Q

What do pet scans do?

A

detect the positron
emissions of tagged molecules like oxygen or glucose

138
Q

How do pet scans work?

A

cyclotron makes radioactive oxygen or glucose, it gets injected to person, we image the brain, and positrons are released which hit electrons in brain, generates a photon the exits the heads and at 180 degrees the signal is detected

139
Q

How do you determine brain activity through PET scans?

A

active areas use more blood and therefore have more tagged molecules so light up more in scan

140
Q

How do you see which parts light up using pet scan?

A

you substract the stimulated by the control image to see what’s additonally lighting up

141
Q

What part lights up when you listen to bursts of noise?

A

the primary auditory cortex

142
Q

What part lights up when you listen to words?

A

Wernickes area

143
Q

What part lights up when you discriminate speech sounds?

A

Brocas area- is a motor area

144
Q

What part of the brain activates when you hear a burst of noise?

A

Heschls gyrus

145
Q

What part of brain lights up when you listen to melodies?

A

The secondary auditory cortex

146
Q

What part of the brain lights up when you compare pitches?

A

The frontal lobe

147
Q

Who was maurice ravel and what happened to him?

A

he developed aphasia (left hemisphere damage) but his musical perception remained intact (they were in the right hemisphere)

148
Q

What did Maurice Ravels aphasia damage?

A

his skills in music production, he couldn’t recognize written music, play the piano, or compose

149
Q

What did the case of maurice ravel tell us?

A

That music perception and music production might be separate the same way language perception and production is, that hemispheres that control music and language are related, the musical production was related with language

150
Q

How is music used as therapy?

A

used as a treatment for mood disorders such as
depression
Listening to rhythm activates the motor and premotor cortex and can
improve gait and arm training after stroke
Parkinson patients who step to the beat of music can improve their
gait length and walking speed

151
Q

Why do people with parkinsons be able to dance through the door?

A

because there are multiple pathways to initiate movement

152
Q

do female birds have hemisphere specialization?

A

yes, but they have music on left side

153
Q

What kinds of songs do female birds prefer? What does this say about her neurocircuitury?

A

Songs are different of bird sin different areas, females like songs they grew up with has circuitury to do this

154
Q

Is there diversity of expression in birds?

A

yes variation in songs

155
Q

What is preference for songs influenced by?

A

By oppurtunity and experience (development)

156
Q

What is asymmetry in the bird brain?

A

Structures in the brain are larger on the left side

157
Q

Are structures in the brain larger in males or females?

A

Males (are sexually dimorphic)

158
Q

What is birds singing skill related to?

A

the size of structures in the brain

159
Q

What do cells in bird structures do?

A

produce and respond to bird songs

160
Q

Why can great apes communicate in sign language but not speak?

A

don’t have proper structure in pharynx and larynx and stuff so cant’ speak but can communicate in sign language

161
Q

What are AM sounds?

A

amplitude modulation

162
Q

What are FM sounds?

A

frequency modulation

163
Q

Are the humpbacks whale songs comparable to human musical traditions?

A

yes

164
Q

What is diff between amplitude modulation and FM?

A

amplitude is intensity and frequency is pitch

165
Q

What the frequencies of whale sounds vary from?

A

20 hertz to 24 hertz

166
Q

Do whale songs evolve?

A

yes, they never repeat

167
Q

What does a spectogram show of whale sounds?

A

that the FM sounds have a pulsed nature

168
Q

What did Chomsky turn into a science?

A

he turned linguistics into a science

169
Q

What did Chomsky publish?

A

Syntactic structures

170
Q
A

Neuro 321 (11 decks)

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